Cosmetic Testing on Animal Essay - 702 Words

Cosmetic Testing on Animals Every year, millions of animals suffer and die in painful tests to determine the safety of cosmetics. Substances such as eye shadow and soap are tested on rabbits, rats, guinea pigs, dogs, and other animals, despite the fact that the test results don’t help prevent or treat human illness or injury. Cosmetics are not required to be tested on animals and since non-animal alternatives exist, it’s hard to understand why some companies still continue to conduct these tests. Cosmetic companies kill millions of animals every year to try to make a profit. According to the companies that perform these tests, they are done to establish the safety of a product and the ingredients. However, the Food and Drug†¦show more content†¦Acute toxicity tests, commonly called lethal dose or poisoning tests, determine the amount of a substance that will kill a percentage, even up to one-hundred percent, of a group of test animals. In these tests, a substance is forced by tube into the animals stomach or through holes cut in their throats. Experimenters observe the animals reactions which can include convulsions, labored breathing, malnutrition, skin eruptions, and bleeding from the eyes, nose, or mouth. The test was developed in 1927 and the testing continues until at least fifty percent of the animals die (usually takes 2-4 weeks). Like eye irritancy tests, lethal dose tests are unreliable and have too many variables to have a constant result. Skin irritancy tests are conducted on rabbits, guinea pigs and other animals. The process involves placing chemicals on the animals raw, shaved skin and covering the skin with adhesive plaster. The animals are immobilized in restraining devices to prevent them from struggling. Meanwhile, laboratory workers apply the chemicals which burn into the animals skin. Alternatives to cosmetic testing are less expensive and generally more reliable to perform. Animals have different biological systems than humans therefore the tests can’t be as accurate as the current tests. Some alternatives include cell cultures, tissue cultures, corneas from eye banks,Show MoreRelatedAnimal Testing For Cosmetic Products Essay2037 Words   |  9 Pagesbans on animal testing for cosmetic products in several countries, including India, Israel, Norway, the European union and mostly recently, New Zealand, the United states, Canada, and Australia are among the countries who have yet to ban this ethically wrong practice and allow it to occur. Animal testing can be dated back to the ancient times of the Greeks and Romans, but many people still believe that the old-fashioned practice of animal testing for cosmetics died years ago. Typically, animal testsRead MoreAnimal Testing For The Sake Of Cosmetics2007 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"According to the view that an animal s moral claim is equivalent to a moral right, any action that fails to treat the animal as a being with inherent worth would violate that animal s right and is thus morally objectionable (Gruen).† This quote relates to a serious matter in that the use of animals in the testing of cosmetics is inhumane. Animal testing for the sake of cosmetics is a cruel, unethical and an unnecessary method of practice. There is debate among the companies in this practice (asRead MoreAnimal Testing On Cosmetics : Its Not Necessary1620 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"100,000-200,000 animals suffer and die just for cosmetics every year around the world.†(Humanesociety.org). Majority of these innocent animals ends up dying for no absolute reason at all also. Animal testing in cosmetics is a problem all around the world, but especially in the US. These animals need our help. Animal testing on cosmetics is nothing new in the US; animals have been getting tested on since the beginning of t ime. What’s different about cosmetics testing is that it’s not necessary. There’sRead MoreEssay on Cosmetics Testing on Animals, Is It Necessary?547 Words   |  3 PagesWhy should animals have to die, just for humans to have cosmetics? It is understandable if you want to cover up a scar on your face, but to just wear makeup because you think you need it, or because you feel like you cannot live without it, is ridiculous. Animals should not be dyeing for our insecurities on how we look, or on how society judges us. If society sees someone who is not Barbie or Ken perfect they judge us, so we put makeup on, it is not right for society to do that. Because of theirRead MoreThe Evils of Cosmetic Animal Testing Essay2159 Words   |  9 PagesA lot of people buy cosmetic products being ignorant to the fact that, that one product has killed a lot of animals. How would you like being sprayed with poisonous liquids, taking poisonous eye drops?, or being fed toxic subst ances? Cosmetic factories have been doing these inhumane things and more to innocent animals for years. According to PETA, every year, millions of animals are poisoned and killed in barbaric tests that were crudely developed as long ago as the 1920s to evaluate the toxicityRead MoreBanning Cosmetic Animal Testing Should Not Be Banned2375 Words   |  10 PagesBanning Cosmetic Animal Testing â€Å"If you want to test cosmetics, why do it on some poor animal who hasn t done anything? They should use prisoners who have been convicted of murder or rape instead. So, rather than seeing if perfume irritates a bunny rabbit s eye, they should throw it in Charles Manson s eyes and ask him if it hurts† (Ellen DeGeneres). Animal testing has been dated back to the Greeks in the 2nd and 4th centuries BCE, but cosmetic animal testing did not beginRead MoreCosmetic Testing On Animals And Animals1632 Words   |  7 Pages000,000 animals are killed annually throughout the United States (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals). In America alone, over 11,000 research facilities partake in experimenting with cosmetic chemicals on animals (Collins). The number of animals used for cosmetic testing is alarming. Animals and humans differ from one another biologically in many significant ways. Statistics display irrefutably that cosmetic chemical preclinical testing on animals are unreliable. Animal testing is not onlyRead MoreCosmetic Animal Testing2215 Words   |  9 PagesMeadows English 101 4/1/2012 Cosmetic Animal Testing: Scientifically and Unethically Inaccurate Animal testing is still done by cosmetic companies even though it is unethical and scientifically inaccurate. The various tests carried out on animals is not a guarantee for using cosmetics on our skin since animals react differently to certain chemicals as compared to humans. Cosmetics companies kill millions of animals every year in pursuit of profit. The animals that suffer and die in these laboratoriesRead MoreAnimal Testing : Cosmetic Manufacturers1375 Words   |  6 PagesMany products that we use on a daily routine have been part of animal testing. Throughout the years this has become a problem that millions of people have been raising awareness for and trying to find a solution to end this cruel act. But is this enough? One of the most notorious users of animal testing is cosmetic manufacturers. Throughout the year s many cosmetic companies have been trying to transition into using cruelty-free products. For example, Marla Donato from the Chicago Tribune statesRead MoreAnima l Testing in Cosmetics Essay1033 Words   |  5 Pageshousehold items such as lotions, shampoos and cosmetics aren’t very expensive and are within reach for the public, yet the public is not knowledgeable of the fact that the products that they use everyday are put through a series of tests which involve the use of harmless animals. Several large commercial companies do not make products for animals; they decide that using these harmless creatures for the testing of their products, could be cause to be harmful to animals still go forward with these types of

Bereavement Role, Disenfranchised Grief, And Mourning

Bereavement Role, Disenfranchised Grief, and Mourning Laurel Ellzey Denver School of Nursing Abstract Death is a part of life and eventually everyone on this earth will experience it. Nurses play an important role in death. Mourning the death of a loved one is something that almost everyone will experience in this lifetime because it is a natural response to death. Bereavement, grief and mourning are all effected by one’s culture, religion, the relationship with the deceased, personality, and how the person died. Bereavement Role Nurses have a difficult yet unique role when it comes to bereavement. Nurses spend the most time with patients, so they are most often the ones that patients choose to share their concerns, fears, and grief with. According to Corr Coolican, (2010), bereavement is the term used when someone significant is lost through death. According to Read (2002), nurses can help the bereaved by acknowledging the death, using active listening, helping them to express their emotions and ensuring that they are involved in the dying process. I am currently doing my senior capstone clinical rotation at a jail and even though I haven’t had to deal with any patient deaths so far, the patients that I deal with are essentially experiencing a loss. To some of the inmates, being imprisoned is like losing a loved one because they are cut off from the world and feel like their life is over. EvenShow MoreRelatedThe Bereavement Role, Disenfranchised Grief And The Four Tasks Of Mourning1112 Words   |  5 PagesBereavement Role, Disenfranchised Grief and the Four Tasks of Mourning Losing a loved one can be very painful, emotional and overwhelming. The difficult part after losing a loved one is learning how to cope with the loss. In order for nurses to help individuals cope with a loss of a loved one it is important for them to understand the grief process. This paper will define and explain the bereavement role, disenfranchised grief, four tasks of mourning and how nurses can help bereaved individualsRead MoreCompassion Fatigue Resulting From Disenfranchised Grief1683 Words   |  7 Pages Compassion Fatigue Resulting from Disenfranchised Grief in Health Care Professionals Kathryn Brown Denver School of Nursing SOC 220, Cohort A Compassion Fatigue Resulting from Disenfranchised Grief in Health Care Professionals This paper explores the emotional differences that people in the health care profession experience when it comes to the death of a patient. It defines the bereavement role, the four tasks of mourning, disenfranchised grief, compassion fatigue and how ambiguity and a lackRead MoreLoss : The Many Faces Of Grief1406 Words   |  6 PagesFaces of Grief Hadley Rhodes Denver School of Nursing  Abstract The life transition of death and dying is inevitably one with which we will all be faced; we will all experience the death of people we hold close throughout our lifetime. This paper will explore the different processes of grief including the bereavement, mourning, and sorrow individuals go through after losing someone to death. Bereavement is a period of adaptation following a life changing loss. This period encompasses mourning, whichRead MoreThe Roles Of A Nurse1754 Words   |  8 Pagesexplores the roles that nurses play in bereavement care and how people react differently to the loss of a loved one during the bereavement process such as uncomplicated grief reactions versus complicated grief. The nurse’s role in disenfranchised grief is also explored in detail as to how the nurse can recognize grief from disenfranchised grief. The different types of disenfranchised grief are explained in detail and how a person may experience the different types. The four tasks of mournin g are alsoRead MoreThe Importance Of A Nurse Has While They Are Caring For Their Patients1782 Words   |  8 PagesThere are many different roles that a nurse has while they are caring for their patients. In general, when a person thinks of nurses they think of a person that is going to care for them while they are recovering from an illness; however, not everyone recovers and nurse’s care for the terminally ill and the family and friends of loved ones that have passed away. Nurses play an important role in bereavement care of patients and families. Bereavement is practically a universal life experience. It isRead MoreGrief, Bereavement And Disenfranchised Grief1745 Words   |  7 Pagesexamines the implications of grief, bereavement and disenfranchised grief. Grief in response to a loss is a unique experience and is expressed distinctively by every individual. It is helpful to have models that outline the stages of grief that need to be experienced in order to achieve acce ptance. However, their utility is limited by the reality that grief is immeasurably complex and individualized. Veterans and children are two groups at risk of developing disenfranchised grief. Therefore, it will beRead MoreA Reflection On The Bereavement Period1940 Words   |  8 Pagesplay a vital role in caring for both the patient as well as their family. In order to properly and effectively care for the dying patient and their family, the nurse must first examine their beliefs and feelings regarding death and the dying process. It is important to have a deep understanding that while all people may experience grief with the loss of a loved one, how that grief is expressed may be influenced by many different factors. This paper will define and explain the bereavement period, theRead MoreThe Loss Of A Loved One Essay2095 Words   |  9 Pagesvery crucial time where an individual can experience depression, somatic symptoms, grief, and sadness. What will be discussed throughout th is paper is what the bereavement role is and its duration, as well as the definition of disenfranchised grief and who experiences this type of grief. I will also touch upon the four tasks of mourning and how each bereaved individual must accomplish all four tasks before mourning can be finalized. Lastly, with each of these topics, nursing implications will be outlinedRead MoreThe Nurse s Role With Patients2046 Words   |  9 Pages The Nurse’s Role in Helping Patients Cope with Loss Laurel Ellzey Denver School of Nursing Abstract Death is a universal part of life. Everyone will eventually experience it. Nurses play an integral role with their patients when it comes to dealing with bereavement, grief, and mourning. Nurses provide bereavement care by listening to patients, helping them express their emotions, and involving them in the entire process. Nurses frequently tend to the emotionalRead MoreGrief And Its Effects On Our Lives1915 Words   |  8 Pagesthroughout our lives. Grief as a response to loss runs through all aspects of both our lives as well as our clients. Though the terms bereavement, grief, and mourning are said to be distinct constructs in their own right, both professionals and the general public often use them interchangeably. While bereavement typically refers to the loss of a loved one, it may also refer to the loss of gainful employment, a bodily function, belongings, or other events usually resulting in a process of grief which may affect

Spatial Learning And Memory At Acute And Chronic Sleep...

Spatial learning and memory are very important to humans in their everyday life. It helps them remember where they parked their car, how to get from home to work, or how to get to the hospital in an emergency. It was a difficult topic to study until Richard Morris created the Morris water maze in 1981. Since then, it has become simpler to observe not only rats, but also human’s spatial learning and memory. There have been a lot of studies on spatial learning and memory and how to enhance it or what improves it. A study done by Azogu et al. (2015) looked at acute and chronic sleep deprivation and how it affected spatial memory. They tested the rats in the Morris water maze and found that rats had improved spatial memory when acutely sleep deprived. In another study done by Merriman, OndÃ…â„¢ej, Roudaia, O’Sullivan, and Newell (2016), it was tested if the familiarity of an environment affected spatial memory. They tested this on older and younger adults. They found that older adults did worse than younger adults on all aspects of the study. They also found that being in a familiar environment provided a benefit on their performance of recognizing novel objects. This was found in both the younger and older adults. These types of studies are important because they help expand the current understanding of spatial learning and memory. The more studies and tests done on this subject, t he better we know what does and does not work in regards to spatial learning. One area that has hadShow MoreRelatedEffects of Lack of Sleep to Students of Philippine State College5455 Words   |  22 Pagesâ€Å"Effects of Lack Sleep to the Students of Philippine State College of Aeronautics† Name (Optional):_____________________ Age: __________ Gender: __M __F Civil Status: ____________ Check for the desired answer. | Yes | No | 1. Do you usually sleep late? | | | 2. Do you find it hard to sleep early? | | | 3. Do you feel lazy if you experience lack of sleep? | | | 4. Do you feel short tempered when you experience lack of sleep? | | | 5. Does your lack of sleep affect your study? | |Read MoreThe Effects Of Concussions On Motor Development Essay2233 Words   |  9 Pagesconcussions. Concussions: A Brief Overview There are a wide variety of physical, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms associated with concussions (Feden, 2016, p. 23). Some of these symptoms include headaches, nausea/vomiting, impaired balance, sleep disturbance, memory issues, difficulty concentrating, visual impairment, impaired balance, delayed motor response, depression, anxiety, and irritability (Feden, 2016, p. 23). Symptoms may either appear immediately or take days to surface after the injury hasRead MoreClinical Approaches Of Treating Sleep Terror Disorder9928 Words   |  40 Pagesstates that disrupt sleep. Different phenomena that are closely related make up this spectrum of behavior, described as complex behaviors or physiological events that manifest when an individual becomes stuck in the transition period of the sleep cycle. Studies on partial arousal states have been more in depth within the last half century. In regards to sleep terror disorder, many effected individuals only require assurance of their safet y and accurate facts of the nature of sleep terror episodes.Read MoreStress And Its Effects On The Mind, Body, And Environment8594 Words   |  35 Pagesmental training are the most common recommendations for the overall health of your body to prepare for stressful situations (The American Institute for Cognitive Therapy, 2009). Cognitive stress becomes more concerning when it can be categorized as chronic. High stress levels have been associated with many serious physical and psychological difficulties. Anxiety, hypertension, high blood pressure, and insomnia are just a few physical disorders associated with those individuals subjected to a lifestyleRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 PagesThe Nature of OCD This page intentionally left blank A Diagnostic Enigma THE NATURE OF OCD CHAPTER 1 Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder A Diagnostic Enigma Mike, a 35-year-old married engineer, has not worked for many years because of chronic and debilitating obsessions and compulsions. For the last 9 years he has been tormented almost continuously by a variety of unwanted and upsetting intrusive violent thoughts or images such as â€Å"I’ll stab someone,† â€Å"I might accidentally contaminateRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesinformation storage and retrieval systems, or in any other manner—without the written permission of the publisher. Thomson Higher Education 10 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA For more information about our products, contact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com. Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to thomsonrights@thomsonRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesorganization studies. Mihaela L. Kelemen, Professor of Management Studies, Keele University, UK An unusually rich and deep philosophical book on organization theory with several new thinkers and ideas. Pedagogically a well-structured book with many clear learning objectives, cases, examples and good summaries for every chapter. Professor Martin Lindell, Hanken Business School, Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration, Finland This book makes it easier to understand the current stand of organization

A Person Who Has Made a Great Impact on My Life Free Essays

Sometimes we come across a person who changes our whole perspective of life for better. Last summer I met Uncle Joe. My parents sent me to my uncle on holidays. We will write a custom essay sample on A Person Who Has Made a Great Impact on My Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was supposed to spend my whole summer holidays with him and his family. That was the first time we have been introduced to each other. At first, I thought that it was going to be my worst holiday ever. I felt embarrassed of living with people I hardly knew and wanted to return home but days passed and I got to know my uncle better. Everyday, we used to wake up early in the morning and go for fishing. We packed our bags with provision and went to the river. He taught me how to fish and then we sat together for hours, fishing. While fishing, he used to tell a lot of interesting stories based on his own life experience. He told me stories about his student life, about his career, and about life in general. Once he asked me what I want to become and what I want to achieve in my life. I did not know what to answer  and never thought about it before. He told me that I should  decide wisely  so that in the end I would not regret about anything I have done. I  told him  that I don’t know what I want to do. Then he advised that I should do only what  I am interested in. I remember his words, he said, â€Å"Don’t care about money or prestige of your occupation. Just do what you really love. † I started to list down the things which I really love and began writing them in my diary. The whole summer I spent exploring myself and finally deciding that I want to connect my future with physics and architecture. Therefore, I came to conclusion that I should study civil engineering. But this is not all what my uncle has helped me with. He also told me that I should be determined and persistent in achieving my goals. He often said that resolute determination is the truest wisdom. However, I think the most important lesson I got from my uncle is to see only positive side in any occasion. One day, we did not catch any fish and went home with empty hands. I looked at my uncle and noticed that he was smiling. I wondered why he was smiling as I did not see any reason to be happy. Then he said exuberantly, â€Å"We didn’t catch any fish, but we had a great time. I don’t see any reasons to be unhappy. † I admire his attitude. He is always grateful to everything he has and is truly happy. Uncle Joe is the person who has made an impact on my life. After that holiday, I changed my lifestyle and attitude. I used to spend a lot of time in front of my computer, playing games and surfing the net. Now, I spend more time studying, playing basketball and going out with my friends. I learned a lot of things which were new to me. I became more serious, optimistic and mature. During the time I spent with him, I also learned that no matter how smart I am or how much I know, there is always more to learn or experience. I’m grateful to him that he has helped me to find out who I am and what I want. How to cite A Person Who Has Made a Great Impact on My Life, Essay examples

An onlookers view of Pro Choice amongst women Essay Example For Students

An onlookers view of Pro Choice amongst women Essay Many clinics provide abortion services for women with unplanned or uncontrollable pregnancies. Some women find themselves with an unplanned pregnancy rather than an uncontrollable one. Unplanned in fact that a contraceptive failed, or may not have been easily accessible: uncontrolled in the sense of factors being greater than limited contraception. Abortion has been performed in many clinics as a treatment for unfit or unhealthy women, and for women who may have been molested or raped. Abortion shouldnt be used as a form of contraception, nor should womens lives be sacrificed to bear an infant before morally ready to commit. If a woman is raped, and the outcome incurs pregnancy, then abortion is an alternate form of controlling the unwanted pregnancy. Abortion should stand as only the womans choice, never as a decision adverse to Pro-Life activists. Pro-Choice advocates seem to vindicate abortion, accepting that abortion is not considered a form of birth control, but merely a method of controlling the woman and fetus future. Women are the sole determinate persons in stating if they are capable of withholding a full term pregnancy. As an advocate of womens rights to Pro choice, I am extending my viewpoints to you in this proposition. Many people have their opinions on abortion, usually being one extreme or the other. Advocates or Pro choice often finds themselves swaying their opinions of when abortion is morally ethical dependent upon the controlling factors. Advocates of Pro Life are consistently perusing abortion, stating that it is morally wrong, and unethical in all matters, even if the pregnancy is inadvertent. There are factors remaining in todays society that are very forthcoming and are unanticipated by women in the prevention of pregnancy. If medical doctors abolished the procedure, or if the government made it even more difficult to obtain an abortion, we wouldnt be supporting the righteousness of many women in the U.S. today. If contraception, in all forms, were 100% effective, then abortion could be abolished. Until medical research and testing finds a foolproof contraceptive, abortion is morally permissible because of obvious factors that are uncontrollable. For those whom agree that abortion is an ethical procedure, there are some instances where it is morally questionable. Does an inopportune pregnancy allow another to be the decider on the future life of a fetus? As Marquis states, an FLO is to claim that a fetus now has the potential to be in a state of a certain kind in the future. (143) If a woman chooses to abort the fetus, according to Marquis, she is depriving it of the future it could possibly have. This would be more relevant to comprehend if one knew that the fetus would be born completely healthy. It is not known in the early stages of pregnancy if the fetus will be born without abnormalities, or defects. Therefor, it is impossible to state that the fetus would ever even see a FLO. It is wrong to kill peaceful or harmless persons, as Marquis argues, the FLO account of the wrongness of killing is correct because it explains why we believe that killing is one of the worst of crimes.(141) Would it also be wrong to place an individual in the world that is handicapped, deformed, or otherwise incompetent? Abortion is an inexpensive procedure to prevent this from occurring. If a woman knows that the fetus will more than likely not have a FLO, then she is correct in deciding on terminating her pregnancy. The determinants to this would be from being unfit or unplanned. If the woman is unhealthy in any way, then that creates an atmosphere for the unborn child that is unhealthy as well. .ue05526f5dedb0641123445bf36be3ff6 , .ue05526f5dedb0641123445bf36be3ff6 .postImageUrl , .ue05526f5dedb0641123445bf36be3ff6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue05526f5dedb0641123445bf36be3ff6 , .ue05526f5dedb0641123445bf36be3ff6:hover , .ue05526f5dedb0641123445bf36be3ff6:visited , .ue05526f5dedb0641123445bf36be3ff6:active { border:0!important; } .ue05526f5dedb0641123445bf36be3ff6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue05526f5dedb0641123445bf36be3ff6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue05526f5dedb0641123445bf36be3ff6:active , .ue05526f5dedb0641123445bf36be3ff6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue05526f5dedb0641123445bf36be3ff6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue05526f5dedb0641123445bf36be3ff6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue05526f5dedb0641123445bf36be3ff6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue05526f5dedb0641123445bf36be3ff6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue05526f5dedb0641123445bf36be3ff6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue05526f5dedb0641123445bf36be3ff6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue05526f5dedb0641123445bf36be3ff6 .ue05526f5dedb0641123445bf36be3ff6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue05526f5dedb0641123445bf36be3ff6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: History of the Restaurant EssayPro-choice followers do feel that there is a time when abortion is immoral and unethical, which is aborting after the second trimester. By the third trimester, a fetus has formed distinct facial features, digits, limbs, and internal organs. To anyone, this would be the equivalent to the physical human person. Warren states that, the late term fetus has features which cause it to arouse in us almost the same powerful protective instinct as does a small infant. (133) The consequences of aborting late in the pregnancy can be .

The Tragedy of King Lear Essay Example

The Tragedy of King Lear Essay A Comparison of Psychological and Physical Deceit and Disguise In many of Shakespearean works, he suggests that appearances are not reflective of reality and uses this idea to develop many subplots in his works. He is notorious for constructing these false identities to advance the plotting and create unsuspecting twists. As his plays progress, different characters employ different strategies to promote their actions, with some opting to psychologically deceive their targets while others select to physically disguise themselves as someone else. Shakespearean King Lear, Is no exception; he portrays this theme through the various disguises of an array of characters that utilize deceit to reach their goals, which range from being supportive to being sinister. This element of deceit and disguise is first established in the opening scene when the reader discovers that King Lear Is planning to delve his kingdom between his three daughters. He tests his daughters by demanding them to proclaim their love for him, with the intentions of awarding the daughter who displays her love to him the best with the largest share of his kingdom. We will write a custom essay sample on The Tragedy of King Lear specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Tragedy of King Lear specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Tragedy of King Lear specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The play as Just begun and Shakespearean theme of fake appearances has already arisen, as the outside appearances that each of the sisters displays for their father is not in accordance with their actual thoughts. General and Reagan, King Learns two oldest daughters, both spin verbose and grandeur explanations about their deep love for him with General starting off by stating, Sir, I love you more than word can wield the matter Beyond all manners of so much I love you (1. 1. 60-67). Reagan then plays off of her sisters lead and begins to say, l am made of that self mettle as my sister And mind I am alone felicitate / In your dear Highness love (1. 1. 76-84). This psychological ploy they use on King Lear seems to work, as he becomes frustrated and dissatisfied with his youngest daughter, Cordilleras, answer. As King Lear waits for her to match her sisters responses, Cornelia refuses to make such comments, asserting that, Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave / My heart into my mouth. I love your Majesty / According to my bond, no more nor less (1. 1. 100-102). As a result of this, King Lear disowns Cornelia, abolishes her from the kingdom and splits the kingdom between the other two sisters. Following this incident, the Earl of Kent, who is the Kings most loyal nobleman and servant, while attempting to reconcile the King about his brash decision to banish Cornelia, is also hastily exiled from the kingdom for giving his opinion on the matter. Here, you can see that King Lear has let his emotions get the best of him as he tells Kent, Five days we do allot thee for provision To shield thee from disasters of the world, And on the sixth to turn thy hated back Thy banished trunk be found in our dominions, The moment is thy death. Away! By Jupiter, This shall not be revoked. (1. . 197-203) Not only has the plans of obtaining the power of the kingdom gone according to their plan, but General and Reagan were also able to unexpectedly rid the kingdom of two of their potential obstacles to the throne: one being Learns favorite daughter, Cornelia, and the other being his most loyal servant, Kent. The aftermath of this sequence of events turns out to play a large role in the future, as the King will soon learn that he made a mistake. Even though this is only the start of psychological deception in the play, the importance of its presence sets the tone for the play and makes it clear that everyone is susceptible to such trickery, even the almighty King. As the plot of King Lear and his daughters begins to develop in the opening scene, we are simultaneously introduced to another one of King Learns nobleman, the Earl of Gloucester. Early on, we learn that Gloucester is an adulterer and has a bastard son, Edmund. In contrast to Edmund is Edgar, Gloucester oldest and legitimate son. At the beginning of the second scene of the Act One, Edmund gives a soliloquy on the lack of respect and class he has received for being a bastard, stating that Thou, Nature, art my goddess Now, gods, stand up for bastards (l. I. 1-23)! Here we learn of Edmunds plan to betray Edgar, by means of a forged letter, which documents Edgers plan to kill his own father. When Gloucester reads the letter, he barely questions the authenticity of the letter and lets his emotions overcome him, O villain, villain! Abominable villain! (l. Ii. 79). Afterwards, Edmund meets up with Edgar and alerts him of the news that Gloucester is livid at Edgar and that he is chasing him. Pretending to be of assistance to Edgar, Edmund suggests that he avoid Gloucester as much as possible and to remain armed in case Gloucester finds him. Here, Edgar naively mistakes Edmunds plan to protect his own brother as a sign of sincerity because of Edmunds ability to swiftly talk coupled with his deceptive nature. This makes it easy for Edmund to take advantage of the trusting and gullible personality of Edgar. In reality, Edmund is merely setting the bait for Gloucester to fully turn his back on Edgar so that Gloucester will anoint Edmund as the next heir to the throne. Edmund succeeds in accomplishing the next step of his plan when he convinces Edgar to flee Gloucester castle as their father approaches the room. Right when Edgar flees, Edmund intentionally wounds his arm, affirming Some blood drawn on me would beget opinion / Of my more fierce endeavor. I have seen drunkards / Do more than this in sport. / Father! Father (11. 1. 36-39)! By framing Edgar for his wounds as he fled the scene, Edmund has now secured Gloucester trust which has led him to the condemnation of Edgers death. As the two plots continue to unravel, more disguises begin to unfold, with one of them being Kent after he was expelled from Learns Kingdom. Instead of double crossing his friends and family like Edmund had, Kent chose to return to Learns kingdom, disguised as an ordinary peasant, even though he had been wronged by Lear. When asked by King Lear who he was, Kent simply replied, A man, sir (l. V. 1 1). Lear seemed to be content with the mans answer and allowed the newly disguised Kent to become his new servant. Even after that Kent was using was not of any importance, his characteristics lead him to be different than almost every character in the play. His role and physical disguise of being a random, selfless person who cares about the well-being of the King over his win safety Juxtaposes the psychological disguise the two sisters, Genera l and Reagan, displayed back in Act One. Even though Kent has no familial relations to the King, he cared more about the King than the Kings own two daughters did. Not only did the two sisters deceive Lear into dividing his kingdom amongst them, but they both treated Lear with disrespect and banished him from their respective kingdoms. One cannot simply put a price Kens loyalty to King Lear, even after being expatriated by the King. Much like Kent, Edgar was also forced away from his kingdom ND was required to disguise himself as a means of protection. Under the name of Poor Tom, Edgar disguised himself as a beggar; however, unlike Kent, Edgers entire persona changed. In an aside, we learn that throughout Edgers time as a homeless man, there was no possibility that life could have been worse for him And worse I may be yet. The worst is not / So long as we can say This is the worst (IV. I. 30-31). It is only during his time as a homeless man that he knows that life couldnt get any worse. Such logic would make sense in this situation because it is only at a mans utmost lowest point where he becomes the true essence of what he is. With that being said, by spending time as a beggar and being homeless, Edgers body is stripped away to the very pith of his being and it is there that he finds what he is truly made of. When Edgar has almost fully adjusted to his new life as a homeless bum, he then sees his father, Gloucester, walking towards him, but without any eyes. Here, Gloucester believes that Edgar is Poor Tom and also divulges that he knows that Edgar is innocent and that it was Edmund who was behind everything. Gloucester hen asks Edgar to lead him to Dover, where There is a cliff, whose high and bending head / Looks fearfully in the confined deep shall no leading need (IV. Ii. 83-88). At this point in the play, I was puzzled as to why Edgar did not disclose his real identity to his father, but I believe that it all boiled down to his father condemning him to death, which would always be hard to forgive. Edgar would eventually deceive Gloucester by not letting him commit suicide and Jump off of the cliffs of Dover, but instead Jump onto flat ground. This means of deception was a necessity to prevent Gloucester from killing himself which was easily diverted. After experiencing so many life-altering events, Edgar had finally grown into and found his new identity. Having become encapsulated in this new physical disguise that he had finally developed into, it ultimately gave him the strength and mental fortitude to face and defeat his brother in the final scene. By creating and interweaving these deceptions and disguises amongst all the characters, Shakespeare is able to more effectively develop the characters of the play. Much like the formal title, The Tragedy of King Lear, it was tragic and quite ironic that at the end of the play neither Kent nor Edgar got a chance to adequately reveal their true identities that were hiding beneath their disguises to both King Lear and Gloucester. Lear was far too delusional to understand Kens explanation that he was the Kings new servant due to the combination of his uneasy mental state along with Cordilleras corpse in his arms, whereas we learn that Gloucester died from shock when Edgar attempted to reveal Shakespeare ends the play with only three surviving characters, leaving the reader to contemplate the mystery of their futures.

Solomon03 Web Essay

Solomon03 Web Essay Solomon03 Web Essay Chapter 3 Learning and Memory By Michael R. Solomon Consumer Behavior Buying, Having, and Being Sixth Edition 3-1 The Learning Process Learning: – A relatively permanent change in behavior caused by experience Incidental Learning: – Casual, unintentional acquisition of knowledge Learning is an Ongoing Process: – Constantly being revised – Can be either simple association (logo recognition) or complex cognitive activity (writing an essay) 3-2 Learning is a Process Our tastes are formed as a result of a learning process, sometimes with painful results. 3-3 Behavioral Learning Theories Assume that learning takes place as the result of responses to external events. View is represented by two major approaches to learning: – 1) Classical Conditioning – 2) Instrumental Conditioning People’s experiences shaped by feedback they receive as they go through life Actions result in rewards and punishments, which influences future responses to similar situations. 3-4 The Consumer as a â€Å"Black Box† A Behaviorist Perspective on Learning Figure 3.1 3-5 Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov’s Dogs – Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) – Naturally capable of causing a response. – Conditioned stimulus (CS) – Does not initially cause a response – Conditioned response (CR) – Response generated by repeated paired exposures to UCS and CS. Eventually, through learned association and repetition, the CS will cause the CR. 3-6 Discussion Question In the 1980’s, the Lacoste crocodile was an exclusive logo symbolizing casual elegance. When it was repeated on baby clothes and other items, it lost its cache and began to be replaced by contenders such as the Ralph Lauren Polo Player. Can you thing of other logos that have lost their prestige due to repetition? 3-7 Classical Conditioning in Advertising This American Airlines ad points to classical conditioning as an explanation for why their AAdvantage Marketing Programs will work. Can you identify the UCS, CS, and the CR in this example? 3-8 Classical Conditioning (cont.) Stimulus generalization: – Tendency of a stimulus similar to a CS to evoke similar, conditioned responses Masked branding: Deliberately hiding a product’s true origin Stimulus discrimination: – Occurs when a UCS does not follow a stimulus similar to a CS. 3-9 Marketing Applications of Behavior Learning Principles Brand Equity: – A brand has strong positive associations in a consumer’s memory and commands loyalty. Applications of Repetition Applications of Conditioned Product Associations: – Semantic associations – Phonemes 3 - 10 Loyalty to Brands Rewarding consumers with frequent flyer miles is an effective way to reinforce them and build brand loyalty. 3 - 11 Marketing Applications of Behavior Learning Principles (cont.) Applications of Stimulus Generalization: – – – – Family branding Product line extensions Licensing Look-alike packaging Applications of Stimulus Discrimination: – Consumers learn to differentiate a brand from its competitors – Unique attributes of the brand 3 - 12 Instrumental Conditioning Occurs as the individual learns to perform behaviors that produce positive outcomes and avoid behaviors that yield negative outcomes A.K.A. â€Å"Operant Conditioning† Occurs one of three ways: – Positive reinforcement – Negative reinforcement – Punishment 3 - 13 Positive Reinforcement The power of positive reinforcement. 3 - 14 Instrumental Conditioning (cont.) Extinction: When a positive outcome is no longer received, the learned stimulus-response connection will not be maintained. Reinforcement Schedules: – – – – Fixed-interval reinforcement Variable-interval reinforcement Fixed-ratio reinforcement Variable-ratio reinforcement 3 - 15 Four Types of Learning Outcomes Figure 3.2 3 - 16 Applications of Instrumental Conditioning Principles Reinforcement of Consumption: – Thank you – Rebates – Follow-up phone calls Frequency Marketing: – Reinforces