Hitler's Mein Kampf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Current Issue on Islamic Banking and Finance Essay

New worldview of item bundling. Islamic banking and money has risen as a monetary intermediation process that is serious and strong and that adds to the general riches creation, development and advancement of our country. In an undeniably testing and serious monetary condition, the advancement of a thorough Islamic budgetary framework looks to meet the scope of prerequisites of a quickly changing monetary condition, with its sufficiency and soundness made sure about through the heartiness of its administrative structure upheld by the quality of its money related foundation and the refinement of its items and administrations. Surely, the quality of the separate segments of the framework and the interconnections of its business sectors will open new wildernesses in Islamic banking and money and will amplify the potential and openings that it agrees. In the new current issues on Islamic banking and fund have expanded their item in modernity from the stores item to half breed item that can improve comes back to contributors. Further headway was made with the presentation of the Islamic variable rate financing instrument that gives an option in contrast to the fixed rate financing. This will help the Islamic financial establishments in moderating piece of the hazard radiating from resource and risk bungles. New imaginative Islamic money related instruments, for example, Islamic resource upheld protections have additionally developed and the budgetary structures hidden Islamic protections become more indicates. The quick development of Islamic unit trusts including an assortment of security reserves, value reserves and adjusted subsidizes builds the productivity and capability of the Islamic monetary framework as an intermediation channel by giving investors’ access to proficient resource the executives that depends on their particular hazard resilience levels. The issuance of new Islamic financial licenses to qualified outside money related establishments will take into account the nearness of remote Islamic financial players to go about as scaffold among Malaysia and other worldwide Islamic budgetary markets and increment the possibility to tap new markets and development openings.

Positions Paper Example

Positions Paper Example Positions Paper â€" Essay Example > Media GlobalizationIntroductionMedia globalization is the trend where media systems are shifting their operations from local and national level to international level (Sean Sasha, 2004). Advance in technology have significantly contributed to media globalization. New and old media companies can now share huge amount of information with their customers in almost every part of the globe (Wildman Siwek, 2009). As a result of this, the media companies offer their services to larger geographical regions and therefore large groups of people. The role of the media is to facilitate networked communication. Through this communication, the media becomes an instrument for social control that influences economic, political and cultural development of many parts of the world. When this is done on a global scale, the nature of information dispatched to cross section of society would have mixed impact to those societies (Internet Service Provider's Association, 2001). This essay seeks to discu ss the cultural, political and economical implications that results due from media globalization. PoliticsMedia plays a huge role in the political direction of any nation. Medias offers a platform where the political leaders are analyzed by the citizens of the countries. Due to globalization of the media, there is possibility of information distributed being less biased than that which is distributed by media companies that are not global. A foreign media company that broadcasts its information in another country among many other countries may not have any special interest of impartiality in the countries it operates. However, a local media company is likely to have influence from the local politicians who may want to be favored. Media globalization therefore ensures that the population of a nation under which the media operates enjoys impartial information that contributes to making of better decision. For any media to operate on global scale, it needs to invest heavily especiall y on technology. The technological advancement that comes with globalization of media ensures helps to create an avenue through that the political leaders are kept under microscope at any given time (WSIS Civil Society Plenary, 2003). This pushes the politician to deliver quality services and be responsible in their leadership role. Media globalization also creates an avenue through which nations observes and exchange political ideas to the interest of the citizens. On the other hand, there are some elements of media globalization that have negatively impacted the society politically. Most of the media companies that operate on the global scale are difficult to regulate (Wildman Siwek, 2009). The policy that drives these media promotes privatization, deregulation and public broadness. As a result, these media may be used by the rich countries to negatively influence politics of a country. Media is a very powerful in influencing the political direction of any country. If the media favors a given group or region, then the distributed information is likely to result to impartiality on how politics are operated in the country. In some situations, the media may broadcast propaganda that would result to citizens judging the leaders wrongly. Responsible media should be able to point out all the issues including the negative issues associated with the media themselves. However, in most situations negative issues that happens within the media, they cannot publically point out these issues since doing so may tarnish their image to the in the eyes of their customers.

Heterosexism Homosexuality and People - 1174 Words

Heterosexism is a term used to describe people who discriminate against gays and lesbians. Throughout history, an intimate relationship between members of the opposite sex was considered the norm, and breaking this norm would make a person deviant. From birth, children are taught certain characteristics on how boys and girls are suppose to behave. Children learn these things from their parents, the schools they attend, and society that they live in. The characteristics that they learn shapes them into what they become when they’re adults. According to Barrie Thorne, â€Å"the sociological significance of children’s play is that boys and girls are helping to socialize one another into primary adult gender roles, girls being more concerned with†¦show more content†¦According to Shaun Pichler, â€Å"when an applicant’s gender or gendered characteristics are inconsistent with that of the gender type of job itself, the candidate will be perceived as a poo r fit for the job† (pg. 2530). He also states that employees who are found to be homosexual are more than likely to be unfairly terminated over a person that is heterosexual. To add to that, gay and lesbians were once banned from being able to serve in the military, but that ban was overturned just recently. In addition to the hostility and embarrassment that homosexuals face every day, they also encounter political and legal policies and practices that prevent them from living a normal life like heterosexual people. For example, there are laws that prevent people of the same gender to be legally married to each other such as proposition eight in California. Gay people just want the right to be able to be happy with a significant other, make a family, and show their loyalty in each other through marriage. There is no difference whether that significant other is of the same gender or opposite, at the end of the day they just want that chance of happiness just like everyone else . Unfortunately, there are laws in places that prevent that from becoming true. Not allowing homosexuals to marry can affect many people’s lives and can even be detrimental to one’s health. For example in the article â€Å"The Case of Sharon Kowalski and Karen Thompson: Ableism,Show MoreRelatedRacism : A Social Construct1593 Words   |  7 Pagesmarried lesbian woman. Racism is a social construct that has serious impact on many people’s lives. Heterosexism, also a social construct and racism contribute to the ever widening inequality gap. To slow sown or change the gap growth, policies would have to be imposed that would be specific to gender diversity and equality. Racism is structurally embedded in many institutions, but so does heterosexism as well. They may not be overtly visible, however when one is identified as homosexual, [s]he mayRead MoreIs Heterosexism An Invisible Privilege Associated With Authority And Prestige Label And Stigmatize Individuals And Behaviors That Differ From995 Words   |  4 PagesHeterosexism Heterosexism is the belief that all people are heterosexual, and that heterosexuality is superior and more desirable than homosexuality or bisexuality. Throughout history the term homosexuality has always been associated with negative connotations, such as uncleanliness, criminal behavior, sin or a mental disorder. In fact, homosexuality was included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Associations and was not removed asRead MoreThe Reasons behind Homosexual Discrimination1214 Words   |  5 Pagesmore people who â€Å"mind† than heterosexuals. This particular discrimination has been occurring for decades all across the globe; however it became prominent in the United States in the 1950s. In 1953, under President Eisenhower, it was decided that homosexuality was a sufficient enough reason in itself to fire people from federal jobs. This executive order stood from 1953 until 1993, providing support to the idea that d iscrimination in employment ranked as the worst type of persecution gay people facedRead MoreThe Oppression Of Opposite Sex Sexuality And Relationships860 Words   |  4 PagesJournal Heterosexism is the oppression of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships. In our society heterosexuals is the normal and those who do not fit into this category are shunned. Throughout history, â€Å"homosexuality and bisexuality have been called many things; from sin, sickness, and crime, to orientation, identity and even a gift from God.† (372). Labels and judgments are justifications for society to marginalize people due to their sexuality. Our society tends to look for ways to justify homosexualityRead MoreThe Causes Of Discrimination Against Homosexuals1677 Words   |  7 Pageschange. However, there is no solid scientific evidence that people are born homosexual† (Worthen, F 2014). â€Å"Along with outside factors in a person s life, his own personal choices have played a key role in forming and shaping his homosexual identity, though few will admit this† (Worthen, F 2014). Homosexuals are just ordinary people who happen to love the same sex. Homosexual discrimination tends to be particularly brutal and nasty. â€Å"Homosexuality was classified as a mental illness in 1973† (AnonymousRead MoreThe Biological Basis Toward Sexual Orientation1406 Words   |  6 Pagestoward sexual orientation. One concept is the neurohormonal theory, biologist contend that homosexuality is caused by abnormal sex hormone levels in utero. The alternative theory is based on behavioral genetics, determining the source and magnitude of genetic impact on sexual orientation. This theory suggested the concept that gay men were genetically female. Later this theory was proven to be false. Homosexuality was considered as a pathology or mental illness. Not every psychologists agreed with thatRead MoreHow Does The Views Of Lgbtiq Change Over Time Across The Globe?1229 Words   |  5 PagesTransgender, Intersex and Queer/ Questioning, which represents the group of people with sexual orientations or gender identities different from the heterosexual or cisgen der majority. The reasons of this anomaly have been explained and accepted by many scientists that it is not a choice but rather a biological and unchangeable feature from birth.[1] The irrational fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against homosexuality or homosexuals is the definition of homophobia according to the Merriam-WebsterRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On The Lesbian Community1252 Words   |  6 PagesHeterosexism is where one believes that liking or loving the opposite sex is the â€Å"Norm† or being homosexual is not right. Limiting student success can come in multiple forms: heterosexism and homophobia limit student success by promoting social media norms, being discriminatory towards the homosexual community, judging before understanding, and not taking their own path and folding under peer pressure. There is no technical problem with homosexuality except the ones that society createsRead MoreErving Goffmans Work Stigma1441 Words   |  6 PagesThrough analyzation of the narratives and experiences of â€Å"blemished† individuals, Goffman builds theory on stigmatized identities. He also maps the construction of the meanings associated with those discreditable or discredited characteristics. Homosexuality is considered to be a discreditable characteristic, as those possessing the label may attempt to pass as â€Å"normal.† In this paper, I will discuss the role of stigma and shame in the coming out process, and the negative health outcomes that may resultRead MoreEssay on Theorising Heterosexism for Social Work Education1405 Words   |  6 Pagesmany systems is heterosexism. This paper will cover what heterosexism is, the effects of heterosexism, how heterosexism relates to other forms of oppression, and what can be done to stop heterosexism from being perpetuated. Julie Fish (2008) defines heterosexism, in her article, as the dominant standard that everyone is measured up to. Everyone is assumed to be heterosexual unless proven otherwise which then leads to sometimes being labeled as corrupt and of a lower status. Heterosexism is perpetuated

The Iliad And The Odyssey - 1297 Words

2. The Iliad and the Odyssey were written by a poet or poets known as Homer. They were stories written about heroes in Mycenaeans times. Homer focused on one important event to base the stories after, the Trojan War. The story was about Paris Prince of Troy, taking Helen of Sparta from her husband. A war started to get Helen back to her husband because her husbands honor was hurt. The story told in the Odyssey is one of the king of Ithaca trying to return to his wife and son after being gone for ten years. The writing of the Iliad and the Odyssey are historically important, because it was one of the earliest ancient texts recorded. The stories gave the Greeks a sense of who they were and taught them how to feel all emotions, as well as†¦show more content†¦These four kingdoms formed a cohesion and a common language was used between all four called, koinà ©. Together these kingdoms created more cities, trading routes, and created alliances. However, because of the high tax r ate to fund all that the kingdoms were doing, farmers were poor. The successors of Alexander the Great are historically important because they spread out the Hellenistic civilization. Those kingdoms created new art in forms of encyclopedias, libraries, and technologies. Scientific innovation were also brought together from the Greek, Egyptian and Persian traditions. Medicine, astronomy, geography, and mathematics are some to name. 6. A polis was a community in the ancient Greek world. In order for the community to be a polis, the people located in the community needed to believe in something larger than oneself, share the same obligations, rights and responsibilities. Polis communities came to be when Greece no longer needed imports to survive. The communities could self-govern themselves. The poleis of Greece, began to expand and they grew into a society built for war. A polis is historically important, because it introduced diversity. Each polis had its own gods, festivals, laws, and practices. 7. The Delian League was established in 478 BCE. It was created as an alliance between all the poleis after the Greeks defeated the Persians. The Greeks believed that they had not seen the last of the Persians so the Delian League was created.Show MoreRelatedThe Iliad And The Odyssey1060 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Hateful to me as the gates of Hades is that man who hides one thing in his heart and speaks another.† (The Iliad pg.405) The quote is relevant to the stories Homer created during the period of the Trojan War. Homer orally performed two of his best works The Iliad and The Odyssey. Homer’s stories are old and probably translated differently than their original telling. Homer’s The Iliad and The Odyssey still show the basic human emotions and are an inspiration to other authors, poets, and oral presentersRead MoreThe Iliad and the Odyssey1510 Words   |  7 Pages The Iliad and the Odyssey are two classic stories told by Homer. Within these two stories the roles of the gods are very important to the story line and how they affect the characters throughout. In the Iliad, more gods are involved with the characters whereas in the Odyssey there are only two major gods that affect two major characters. The roles of the gods in the Iliad are through two different stances of immortal versus immortal and mortal versus immortal. The roles of the gods in the OdysseyRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1317 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout The Iliad and The Odyssey, both Achilles and Odysseus go through intense acts of heroism, internal and external hardships, and fluctuations in confidence. During the epic, The Odyssey, the main character, Odysseus, has to endure many hardships which show. He has to show tremendous amounts of heroism and confidence just to keep his crew and himself alive. He has to rival and face many gods that despise him along with many humans. This theme can also be reflected from Homer’s The Iliad, where theRead Mor eThe Iliad And The Odyssey977 Words   |  4 Pagesplot or storyline, or the theme of the myth. Homer’s The Iliad and The Odyssey are two prime examples of this. Within both epics, the gods constantly intervene in the lives and situations of the characters, molding them to the desired outcome. Without the influence of the gods in either of the epics, however, the ending might have been very different. There was a great deal more divine intervention in The Iliad in comparison to The Odyssey, however, as there were more godly characters in that textRead MoreThe Odyssey And The Iliad1060 Words   |  5 PagesHomer was one of the first great authors in Western culture. He was known for creating the two Greek epics The Odyssey and The Iliad, which. The Odyssey tells of the ten-year journey by Odysseus to Ithica from Troy to be reunited with his beloved wife. The Odyssey was written in a with illustrative language. The Iliad was written in a. It depicted the end of the Trojan War and the siege of Troy. This event occurred centuries before Homer was assumed to have been born. Although both epics were writtenRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1599 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Iliad and The Odyssey, Homer has different portrayals of the roles that women play in each epic. These d ifferences are so striking that some readers have even argued that there is a possibility that a woman could have created The Odyssey, modeled after Homer’s Iliad. In The Iliad we see women represented as war prizes and slaves, vulnerabilities to men, and in positions of limited power. In The Odyssey however, we see women capturing men and keeping them as prizes, rising from a status ofRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1657 Words   |  7 Pagesduring the Greek Dark Ages was Homer, who I believe was the most influential writer of his time, and a writer who had truly made an impact on the evolution of Greek Culture following the Dark Ages. Two of Homer’s most famous poems were the Iliad and the Odyssey, which were Ancient Greek epic poems which covered a couple of weeks during the Trojan War. Although there were plenty of influential authors inspired by the Trojan war, Homer was by far the most influential; Nevertheless, This paper arguesRead MoreIliad and Odyssey1825 Words   |  8 Pagesand cinema of a certain era. The epic poems, The Iliad and Odyssey, give scholars and historians an idea how the Ancient Greek lived their everyday lives. By reading the two novels, the reader is able to experience the three thousand years old society of Homer. The various similarities between our society and the societies depicted in the Iliad and the Odyssey are surprising profuse. To name a few: the superfluous violence in Iliad and Odyssey, the characterization of Odysseus, the obscureRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1730 Words   |  7 Pagesonce said â€Å"In youth and beauty, wisdom is but rare!† a very relatable quote to the story of the Iliad. But who exactly is Homer? For starters, Homer was a poet who lived from 800 B.C.E and died in 701 B.C.E. He was from Greece, and to be specific he had lived somewhere along the coast of Asia Minor according to biography.com. Also, he is most famous for his epic poems which were The Iliad and The Od yssey. Now as for whether he truly existed or not is still quite a mystery. Some scholars â€Å"believe himRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1498 Words   |  6 PagesAn Influential Poem The Iliad is a poem that provides important stories with insight into early human society. It was an ancient story written centuries ago about two civilizations that battled against each other. â€Å"The Iliad tells the story of the clash of two great civilizations, and the effects of war on both the winners and losers† (Homer 222). In addition to its influence on Greek poetry, the Iliad is a great Homeric epic that has long helped shape critical schools of thought. It is not

Case Study of the Parish Church of Zejtun Free Essays

string(38) " by the already present construction\." Introduction What led the community to construct the Parish Church of Zejtun? Prior to the bing parish church of Zejtun, there was what is now called theOld Parish Church of Zejtun,or more normally known as theChurch of Saint Gregory, a mention name gained due to the presence of a statue of Pope Saint Gregory the Great situated near to the church. The inside informations refering the building of this church are unknown, but several architectural parts of the church indicate that parts of it were built in the 15Thursdaycentury while others have been constructed in the undermentioned century. By the terminal of the 17Thursdaycentury and the early old ages of the 18Thursdaycentury, the population of Zejtun has seen considerable growing. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study of the Parish Church of Zejtun or any similar topic only for you Order Now This growing resulted in the so parish church of Zejtun to go non fit for intent, therefore serious idea started to be made about the demand of a church which could function a turning population. The primary event that set on paths the thought of the building of a new parish church started all due to a ground that the so baronial 1s of the community strived to go good known. Therefore, with the want of going known and besides to be remembered for centuries, it was Gregorio Bonici who signed a contract which showed that a land known astal-Chasirawas to be donated to the church to function as the site to raise what would go the new parish church of A »ejtun. This contract can be said to hold been a really generous one, as the donated site, which besides had the advantage of being in the Centre of A »ejtun, could non merely be the topographic point for a new monumental church, but it besides had the infinite for a vestry, an oratory, and besides a broad church square. To reaffirm the importance that helpers gave towards their privation to be remembered during these ages, in the instance of the parish church of A »ejtun, apart from Gregorio Bonici there was before besides a nother citizen whom donated land to the church, but this land was considered as non being a preferred one due to the constrains it held and besides because of its distance off from the Centre of the town, which was truly of import at that clip since it had to function for the whole community at a clip in which there was no dependable manner of transit. Besides, the Testaferrata household, the inheritors of Gregorio Bonici, owned an communion table in the chief crypt of the church. But for baron Bonici this was non his last contribution, he wanted to be certain that this undertaking moved swimmingly and reached its’ phase of completion, therefore he continued to shoot money towards the funding of the undertaking up to a upper limit of 30 old ages after he and his married woman had died, as is found written in his secret will. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.A »ejtunparish.com/pages/r1/zepDart.asp? m=394 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mepa.org.mt/A »ejtun The first measure to do this undertaking materialise saw its induction by the design of the celebrated designer Lorenzo Gafa’ . This can be seen in the trial study of Cocco Palmier of 1693, naming Lorenzo Gafa’ as the interior decorator of the program of the new church and which by that clip he had already started working on the eastern side of the church. Almost nil can be said sing the old ages that followed, as the consequence of research that has been made in this respect is that there are no studies on what was go oning and the advancement of the undertaking. Another of import point which leaves a nothingness when it comes to discoursing about the primary phases of building, an point which most likely has been lost, is the original set of programs of Lorenzo Gafa’ . The research done by Giulia Privitelli in her thesis ‘THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. CATHERINE OF ALEXANDRIA IN A »EJTUN: AN ARCHITECTURAL APPRAISAL’has resulted in the determination of paperss located in the archives of the Cathedral Museum of Mdina, which although doesn’t consist of the existent programs of Gafa’ , there is a papers which lists three of import dimensions, those of the breadth and length of the nave, and besides the dimension of the transept. These dimensions are recorded inpalmiand although some disagreements can be found when it comes to change overing these dimensions to metres, they come truly close to the existent sizes. Taking as an illustration the length of the nave ( without the apsis ) , it is recorded as was supposed to be 182 palmi, which converts to 46.6m, of which there is a different of merely 1.9m from the existent size, measured as 44.5m. If we were to take these measurings as being what Gafa’s plans consisted of, the result would hold been a latin-cross form church, a signifier which was get downing to derive popularity with the Maltese community. With such information, it is normally understood that the bein g of other parts of the church, such as the side-aisles, were ulterior add-ons and non portion of Gafa’s original programs. It was the 25Thursdayof November 1692, when Gregorio Bonici and the remainder of the local community, have seen the grade of the start of the building on site, for a edifice that the locals of A »ejtun felt a great demand of. On that twenty-four hours, Bishop Cocco Palmier placed a medallion which exhibited his coat of weaponries, inside a lead box which was put at the foundation of the church. With the work of Guilia Privitelli, today we have a new position sing the architecture of the parish church of A »ejtun. Privitelli’s thesis, in contrast with the other antecedently published literature, does non merely take into consideration the early designs of Lorenzo Gafa and his artistic beginnings. The thesis takes into history ; the ulterior additions/alterations done to the church and how these additions/alterations have been affected by the already present construction. You read "Case Study of the Parish Church of Zejtun" in category "Essay examples" What has besides seldom been given adequate importance, is that several old ages have passed from when the undertaking started until it was wholly finished to the current signifier it is today. Throughout these old ages, the leading of this undertaking has been transferred from one individual to another, and with such alteration that already by itself brings a alteration in the manner the undertaking director thinks an d plants, there is besides the factor of what became stylish and aesthetically more preferable at the clip of a certain building stage. When such factors are given equal importance in a published literature, so one can get down to do comparings sing the architectural designs and cosmetic inside informations that came out at different periods and under different undertaking directors. To give a farther different position, this paper will be laid out as if one doing a circuit around the parish church of A »ejtun, of which foremost the outside will be discussed and so the focal point will turn about the inside of the church. Outside As stated already earlier, the parish church of A »ejtun has the signifier of a Latin-cross, it is a church which has a size which is well bigger than those churches which have been antecedently built. One might believe that this thought of edifice in the signifier of a Latin-cross was due to the influences brought to us by the Knights of St. John. This is true, but there was besides an thought which emmerged from one of the most of import oecumenic council of theRoman Catholic Church, the Council of Trent. Although the council didn’t give instructions on the manner in which a church had to be built, it gave a form in which the chief altar-space had to be flanked by transepts which were normally made externally seeable. When discoursing about the parish church of Zejtun, one can debate about whether the church still holds a true typology of a Latin-cross or non, and this is chiefly due to the ulterior add-ons of the oratory edifice and besides the side isles which made the o utside of the church look wholly different so it was intended to be by Lorenzo Gafa. Facade A characteristic which is frequently recognized sing the facade, is the proportion between the breadth and the tallness, in which the horizontality is greater than the breadth with a entire ratio of 1.51:1, composed of seven bays divided vertically in two equal parts ( while excepting the bell towers and the frontispiece ) . The verticalness gained through the usage of Doric pilasters on the lower grade and the Ionic pilasters straight above, which reach along the whole facade making the already celebrated seven bays, is lessened with the presence of uninterrupted entablature, therefore beef uping the already strong horizontality feature. It should be noted though that if we excluded the late extension of the sides, the facade would hold most likely consisted of merely the in-between three bays, therefore the sense of horizontality would hold been wholly non present with a tallness to width ratio wholly the antonym from the current bing facade. All three doors of the facade along wit h the two statue niches above the little side doors have a triangular pediment, while the stained glass window above the chief door has an arched pediment, besides it can be said that the frontispiece has a broken arched pediment. The frontispiece is made of a marble tablature written in the twelvemonth 1720, and it serves to mark the dedication of this church towards Saint Catherine of Alexandria. This frontispiece stands in the center of two statues, stand foring Saint Peter and Saint Paul, in which at first were the lone statues decorating the facade of the A »ejtun Parish Church. It was around the eightiess that the facade was besides ornamented with two other statues in the niches straight above the little side doors, allegorically portraying religion ( ‘Fede’ ) and hope ( ‘Speranza’ ) . Side-aisles It was around 1779 that the side-aisles of the A »ejtun Parish church were constructed, therefore traveling from the initial three in-between bays, to the current bing seven bays facade. At the clip during the 18Thursdaycentury, it was a known factor that churches wanted to portray a genuinely greater dominant visual aspect over the surrounding, therefore the easiest manner this could be gained, since besides the site permitted for such undertaking particularly in the instance of the parish church of A »ejtun, was the add-on of the side-aisles. The proposal for such undertaking wasn’t granted permission based on the thought that the church wanted to tag farther monumental laterality, but the issue of serious demand of sidelong support support was brought frontward based on the fright that there was the possibility that the nave could fall in. This was the idea of Giuseppe Bonnici together with a figure of designers. Although this big extension was certainly non wholly need ed to merely reenforce the nave supports, when the factors of ; viability, need for enlargement due to the turning community and besides the aesthetically pleasing visual aspect this undertaking could hold provided, were taken into consideration, the permission was to the full granted. This extension of the side-aisles brought with it several alterations, such as the little domes on the sides, which have the map of allowing visible radiation into the church along with the several stained glass Windowss on the sides of the nave. Besides there was the building of an arched buttress screen. This undertaking has normally been understood that it had been completed on the 3rdof May 1779 due to the fact that one can happen this day of the month engraved on one of the winging buttresses, which most likely was the last flying buttress to be built. Bell Towers What remains to be discussed when it comes to the west side of the church are the bell towers. It must be understood that even as said before, ab initio the facade of the parish church of A »ejtun was wholly different due to the fact that merely the nave was existing, though this doesn’t mean that there were no bell towers. When looking at the thickness of the transept walls, at their internal handbill walls it is noticed that these could hold been what remains of the bell towers that existed at the transepts. The architectural thought of making two bell oarsmans on the frontage was non really popular in the early seventeenth-century churches and Gafa’s subsequently church designs, but the Maltese were made to alter their head as this characteristic of a two-towered western frontage was implemented to the Mdina Cathedral. The ground for which the location of the bell towers of the parish church of A »ejtun was changed to the current place, is seen to be a forceful one, and the chief cause was due to the bad province in which the bell towers had ended. It is said that the component which air current forces from the north-west way. The figure of bells which have been placed in these bell towers goes up to fourteen, crossing merely over three hundred old ages. Today, the bell tower on the right houses the five to the full working bells, four of which have been produced in 2005, while another ( ‘Antonia’ ) was founded in 1947 and shill has a good tonal sound, all of which have been done by the British company John Taylor. Dome Although it has been said that the bell towers have been severely affected by the air current, up to the point of necessitating Reconstruction, on the contrary, at that clip the dome was still to the full structurally stable and didn’t demand to be changed or restored. But the current dome of the Parish Church of A »ejtun isn’t the original one which was designed by Lorenzo Gafa, alternatively, the old lantern-less dome had to be dismantled and rebuilt, based on the design of Joseph Zahra. It was in early 20Thursdaycentury that the original dome was deemed to be structurally non safe, and was therefore dismantled, with Zahra’s design taking over. Though the dome has been reconstructed ( while wholly non following Lorenzo Gafa’s design ) , the original dome membranophone has been kept. It can be easy noticed that the current dome design followed no geometrical order so as to do it a incorporate component together with the Lorenzo’s dome membranopho ne. The diameter of the dome has been recorded to be approximately 11.61m, merely about 0.04m less than the dome of the Mdina Cathedral. External Ornamentation Apart from the two rock sculptures stand foring allegorical figures of Faith and Hope which have already been discussed, one can happen another exclusion made to figurative sculptural ornament. On the North and south frontages of the church one can happen bull-like antefixa. These figures, although they are H2O spouts which have been modified, can be compared to the well-known â€Å"tongue-masks† , which are figures that are created so as to assist in maintaining off evil liquors. These type of â€Å"tongue-masks† , with broad and convex eyes and a level and widened nose have become widely popular in Malta during the stay of the Order of Saint John. During the early 19Thursdaycentury this sculptural tradition, together with its symbolic significance, started to lose its popularity within the Maltese community. Interior Upon come ining into the parish church of Zejtun, one can recognize the big proportions of the inside. When compared to churches organize the primary coevals, it can be said that the proportions of the parish church of Zejtun are of significant difference and the nave can be considered as a good illustration. The nave normally had an country which covered a span which was twice every bit long as it was broad, but in the instance of Zejtun’s church, the measuring ratio is 1:2.46, giving a stronger eastern impulse when standing on the interior. A greater nave tallness and internal light was obtained due to the attack adopted for the roofing system, which was introduced into the Maltese community by Francesco Buonamici. What can besides be noticed about the nave of the parish church of Zejtun is that it has a feature of continuity. This characteristic is present due to the Attic pilasters that follow the same perpendicular lines as those created by the elephantine pilasters at th e nave degree, making a strong signifier of integrity between the lower and upper portion of the church. During the clip in which the side-aisles were non constructed, the arches that open from the nave, integrated communion tables in them. These communion tables were subsequently moved backwards due to the extension of the side-aisles. All the side-aisles communion tables are composed in the same manner, built all in a niche-like composing, with the sidelong sides of these ‘niches’ decorated with pictures. One interesting characteristic is that they are placed within the thickness of the side-aisles’ walls, a characteristic which makes the side-altars different from the communion tables at the transepts and those of the choir. Some characteristics are common for all the communion tables of the church, even the chief communion table. All the communion tables are elevated by two stairss, keeping a symbolic significance that one must look or make upwards, doing the perceiver spiritually feel that there is a force which is much greater than him. Besides all communion tables have their ain, or portion between them, a cupola, in which instance the side-aisle’s communion tables have one cupola each, which is the same as those of the choir and the transepts, but of a smaller graduated table and which are less adorned. Eleven of the communion tables have a pleasing signifier of architectural and sculptural model, of which can be in some manner considered as being of a Baroque manner, although the communion tables of the choir and the transepts are a bit over-elaborated to be wholly considered as of the Baroque manner. Decision In decision, it can be said that when one Tours about and inside the parish church of Zejtun dedicated to Saint Catherine of Alexandria, one is touring a church of which throughout its building has fallen in the custodies of several interior decorators, most of which have influenced the concluding signifier of the church. The different custodies, and the old ages taken for the completion, have resulted in the building of a monumental edifice, a edifice of which certainly can break function as the new religious meeting topographic point for the community of Zejtun, and a memorial which the local community thinks that is the edifice which genuinely honours its dedication to Saint Catherine of Alexandria. How to cite Case Study of the Parish Church of Zejtun, Free Case study samples

Shawshank Redemption Essay Example

Shawshank Redemption Essay The Shawano Redemption TSR Is now ranked as one of the greatest films of all time. Is this assessment of the film fair? Why or why not? The Shawano Redemption defines a genre, defies the odds and compels the emotions. It is truly one of the greatest films of all time, as It successfully Incorporates immersed characters, relevant underlying themes such as greed, rebirth, freedom and hope, a stunning scored and great cinematography by Frank Dartboard Into one film. TSR upon watching can be Interpreted In many ways and this Is an element that makes a film much more diverse and Intriguing. An example of an Immersed character Is that of Andy Du Fresno, played by Tim Robbins. Dartboard and Robbins have created a character that not only gives you the sense of bewilderment and curiosity, but the sense of amazement as you discover his daring escapades, incredible resilience, unquenchable sense of hope and his sense of irony. Initially, you get a sense that Andy is a somewhat evil man You strike me as a particularly icy and remorseless man, Mr. Du Fresno. But soon you discover that this is not an accurate representation of Andy. An example of Ands resilience, resolve and intelligence is shown when he returns from weeks in solitary confinement seemingly untouched, when questioned by his fellow inmates how he survived he merely says l had Mr.. Mozart to keep me company. This short answer Just leaves you wanting to know more about Andy and how he ticks. We will write a custom essay sample on Shawshank Redemption specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shawshank Redemption specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shawshank Redemption specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Andy is a character in the film that inspires others and gives them a sense of hope that there is life beyond prison walls. This is many ways, either his tireless construction of the prison library, inspiring others who had given up hope or just entering young inmates who desperately wanted to get out of the criminal system. An example of this inspiring of others, is during a conversation with Red who claims Let me tell you something my friend, hope is a dangerous thing Hope can drive a man Insane. Andy is determined not to let Red become Institutionalized and buys Red a harmonica, which is symbolic of his time as a free man. Remember, Red, hope Is a good thing, maybe the best of things. And no good thing ever dies. As you go deeper through the film you discover that Andy Is looking for Justice and demotion, and when the American legal system falsely Incarcerated him, he seeks redemption by tunneling through his prison wall and crawling through 500 yards of sewerage. Andy Defense, w ho crawled through a river of salt and came out clean on the other side. Nana receives Justice Dye Ironically exposing ten corrupt warden once en Ana escaped, who given powers by the state of Maine was supposedly meant to uphold justice, but had been greedily exploiting Andy and his fine money laundering skills by plundering the river of dirty money running through here. . When the Warden covers that his scams had been exposed, he rapidly checks his safe and examines the bible that Andy had left as a present, with an incredibly sarcastic note left in the inside cover. Watch ye, therefore, for ye not know when the master of the house cometh. Frank Dartboard and the musical director, Thomas Newman, successfully created a score that not only complements the dialogue but draws upon the emotions itself. The scores soft and melodic piano chords slowly enforce a message upon the reader but yet it never once disturbs your concentration from the film. An example of a scene in which the music draws upon emotions from the reader is when Andy and Red finally reunite on the coast of Mexico in Extenuation, the soft sound of violins and the grand piano coupled with a slow camera panning out create a sense of happiness and closure in what some believe is one of the best film endings ever. Get busy living, or get busy dying. The cinematography within The Shawano Redemption is nothing less than spectacular, with Frank Dartboard and his team doing a script with so much potential justice. Dartboard throughout the film uses a wide scope of cinematic techniques, such as the close up, pan and flash back. An example of when the cinematic technique of the close up is employed extremely effectively is when Andy has Just been handed down his double life sentence and Dartboard focuses the viewers attention onto the face of Andy as his face contorts in pain and desperation. This close up makes the viewer feel the pain that Andy is going through and gives an accurate sense as too what the feeling could actually be if you were sentenced for life for crimes you didnt commit. Shawshank Redemption Essay Example Shawshank Redemption Essay The Shawshank Redemption is an uplifting drama about the need for people to break their emotional shackles before they can become truly free. The movie revolves around the two characters Andrew Dufresne and Red. Andy Dufresne, is sent to Shawshank Prison for the murder of his wife and secret lover. He is very isolated and lonely at first, but realizes there is something deep inside your body, that people cant touch and get to. HOPE. Andy becomes friends with prison fixer Red (Morgan Freeman), and Andy epitomizes why it is crucial to have dreams. His spirit and determination, leads us into a world full of imagination, filled with courage and desire. This is about how he spreads his message of hope through the Shawshank Redemption!!! The main character is Andy played by Tim Robbins who is imprisoned for the murder of his wife. Later on in the movie, the evidence comes out that he is truly innocent. However The Shawshank Redemption sends a powerful message that it doesnt matter whether you are innocent or not inside Shawshank penitentiary. This is because the prison is run by a sadistic and corrupt staff. We will write a custom essay sample on Shawshank Redemption specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shawshank Redemption specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shawshank Redemption specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this facility, you must use all of the intellect you can, both book smarts, and street smarts to not only stay alive, but prevent yourself from going insane within the system. Before prison, Andy is the famous Portland Bank vice-president, faced 100 lawyers accused him of hearing, but insisted on his innocence, Andy not reconciled to spend rest of his life in prison so he was struggling to break free like a bird cage Like children aspire to live in freedom outside prison, so quietly spent a month in prison after Andy decided to escape. What is special about The Shawshank redemption is how the characters, especially Andy and Red, are able to use their inner abilities to rise above the conditions of the prison and the people who run it. There are some disturbing and violent images that show the harsh realities of prison life, such as fighting, and often getting beaten by the staff or punished for very small offenses and a lot of times for no reason at all. The Shawshank Redemption shows the abuse of power by prison authorities and how the nmates have to have the courage to rise above this abuse, because they need to do this, in order to keep living. They learn that failure to get this courage and survival skills from other inmates will destroy them. A great quote in this film is. you can get busy living, or you can get busy dying. Another interesting experience is how Red often wonders how at his advancing age he will be able to survive outside the prison if and when the parole board lets him go. An underlining message is that whether you get busy living or dying you become so accustomed to life in a controlling environment that the outside world, and the struggles, to reach it, to become physically and mentally free are an enormous challenge requiring great perseverance and the ultimate in determination. Andy’s aloofness of nature, as he feels he had driven his wife away from their marriage and retained his guilt over this; and Red’s loss of hope due to his institutionalisation over time. This was mostly accompanied by the example of Brookes who failed to break his â€Å"emotional shackles† on his release from prison. Very intuitive candidates also argued that Hadley and the Warden also failed to break their shackles: greed and exploitative power. There was more to freedom than just the physical escape or release: mental freedom was equally significant, and in the case of Brookes. Theres a great sense of inspiration that can be found at the centre of The Shawshank Redemption, and thats a story of hope. Hope through all that life throws at you, hope in midst of uttermost despair. We go on a journey with these characters, and their stories remain with us long after we leave them. Andys attempt to maintain hope and Reds struggle to allow the thought of it into his life is a powerful story to be told, highlighted by the fantastic performances from Tim Robbins and Morgan Freeman. The Shawshank Redemption is a deeply moving picture that has to be experienced, not observed. Felt, not merely seen. It tells a complicated story of extreme magnitude, leaving in its footsteps a touching tale of hope and freedom. Allow yourself to be taken where films rarely go, the tragic beauty of it all is nearly overwhelming. A sweeping work of art to remind us that above all else, when all seems to be lost, never give up hope. As Andy tells Red, hope is a good thing. And no good thing ever dies. Andy’s best friends Red, a fellow inmate, played by Morgan Freeman in another great performance. He teaches Andy street smarts of survival within Shawshanks hell-hole. Andy, an experienced banker with a master ability for finance and book learning, manipulates the prison officials to get funds to set up a basic skills learning facility within the prisons library. Red helps him organize this, and HOW Andy sets up the funding is really an amazing part of the movie. Another inmate is the head librarian, known as Brooks, who delivers many amazing scenes in the movie. The film techniques used in the film portray power very well by using low angled shots as if the in-mates are nothing and over powered. The guards like to use their authority to their disadvantage in the end. The guards like to exercise their authority by beating the in-mates and treating them like objects not people who make mistakes and have feelings. The dark lighting on the people in authoritys faces make them have a more effective dominating presence. With the warden and guards looking down making the inmates small and insignificant. Made red hopeful and determined Andy never under minded Red. One camera shot used for when Andy escape out of jail into the river. Justice being served in not only the life of Andy but as well as the people left behind in the jail. If you please him or if you dont you can really never win with the warden. The camera shot is taken from above and then spirals down towards Andy enlarging him the water is washing away his old life and a new life is being created. Overall the film shows the brutality of prison confinement that went on in Americas prison systems the determination and the patience and the willingness to except things. Andy is overcome by a whole other world that all strive for power in their own way. The warden is seemingly the most powerful of them all he has the power to override the guard’s opinion or judgments and to keep in jail who he wants for as long as he wants. Shawshank Redemption is a film that follows the story of a prison escape. It passes through a journey of a young man Andy Dufresne being sentenced 2 life sentences, for the murder of his wife and her other Lover. Andy was convicted guilty in till proven innocent one of many issues is the corruption within the penitentiaries by a select number of guards and the warden, the rehabilitation process which the inmates had to encounter serious consequences, the raw brutality of the prison system, and the true mark of loyalty in friendships which are formed within the prison. One friend is marked the issue of loyalty which is Red a cynical prisoner who ends up with a soft genuine heart Darabont tends to take the story at a distance allowing the characters to establish their traits to the audience instead of pushing a barrage of angle sat the audience. The screenplay written for The Shawshank Redemption is exact and precise; everything in the movie complements the development of characters and presents underlying motifs such as prisoners dependence from long term detention, and feelings of hope in hopeless situations. The blues of the uniforms are all the more dramatic compared to the drab brown buildings surrounding the prisoners. The use of narration also brings out a sense of fate. A formalistic style of direction under Frank Darabont. He interweaves scenes with nice fluid shots. The movie is a perfect example of classical cinema. The colours also produce dramatic irony in the last scene of Red and Andy on the beach. The plot has a smart climax that is not fully understandable until the last few scenes. By having Red narrate, the audience quickly identifies with the prisoners, there are certain common traits that the characters and audience share that produce sympathy for the incarcerated criminals. The whole movie is shot primarily in high contrast with the exception of the guards who are mostly in the shadows. With this filter the movie tends to bring out the two different colours of blue and brown. The lighting of these scenes gives a sense of violence without actually showing item the film. The filters give a special beauty to the scenes, which in turn causes more dramatic feelings for the audience. The Shawshank Redemption examines a series of oppositions: guilt and innocence, brutality and charity, freedom and imprisonment to finally show how Andy is able to save not only himself but Red too. Discuss. The Shawshank Redemption, directed by Frank Darabont, is a film in which conflicts and oppositions of many kinds play a major role. The film’s main character, Andy Dufresne, was wrongly convicted of murdering his wife, and thrust into a harsh maximum security prison, whose shocking brutality and harsh conditions are more than enough to see any man broken a dozen times. However, even in such dire circumstances, he is able to maintain his pride, humanity and hope, in order to survive. He is not only able to keep them going within himself, but he also helps others to do the same, inspiring people like Tommy to do their High School Equivalency exams, and generally do things to improve themselves for when they get out. He probable inspires one person the most, Ellis Red Redding, who is greatest friend on the inside, and they both break free of their physical, and psychological imprisonment, and find true freedom. Andy, although being innocent when he gets sent to Shawshank, is soon corrupted as well, with the warden having him do all the accounts for his dodgy deals and scams. Andys friendship with Red and the others, Tommy, Brooks, Heywood, etc. The brutality of the prison is displayed from the start of the film, when one of the new inmates asks when they eat and he is cruelly beaten up by guards, and when Fat-ass is beaten to death by Byron Hadley. Andys escape helps to show that the difference between true guilt and true innocence are not always clear. â€Å"and Andy certainly doesnt seem to let things get the better of him. The friendships between the felons brings out the best in each of them, and gives each man hope, but unfortunately, Tommy and Brooks do not survive. This highlights the culture of dishonesty that exists in Shawshank and the apparent failure of rehabilitation how can a prisoner be rehabilitated if they dont even acknowledge their crime? Andy is not only surrounded by convicted murderers and rapists, but also by the staff of Shawshank, who are probably more criminal than the inmates. Or in Red, who gives Andy the friend that he needs, although their relationship starts purely because of business. This is another example of the hypocrisy of the flawed prison system. Once again, Andy is forced to break the law, however, in doing so he is simply doing what he should have been able to do all those years ago, proclaim his freedom. For example when the Warden allows Andy to expand the Prison Library, or the way that Brooks cares for the baby crow, Jake. Red, however, had never denied that he was guilty, and had been prepared to do his time, however, when that time ends up being most of a lifetime, he changes his strategy for the parole board, and instead of saying Yes, Im rehabilitated, and I know that Ive changed for the better,, he simply tells them the truth, that he couldnt give a stuff whether they let him go or not, so they let him go. When Andy is put away for two life sentences, it seems that he has no hope of ever being a free man again, apart from the small part of him that knows he is innocent, but he refuses to accept the situation. However, not all of Andys friends were so lucky. The majority of the score consists of dark piano music, which plays along the main characters role at Shawshank. The main theme (End Titles on the soundtrack album) is perhaps best known to modern audiences as the inspirational sounding music from many movie trailers dealing with inspirational, dramatic, or romantic films. Shawshank Redemption Essay Example Shawshank Redemption Paper The Shawshank Redemption is an uplifting drama about the need for people to break their emotional shackles before they can become truly free. The movie revolves around the two characters Andrew Dufresne and Red. Andy Dufresne, is sent to Shawshank Prison for the murder of his wife and secret lover. He is very isolated and lonely at first, but realizes there is something deep inside your body, that people cant touch and get to. HOPE. Andy becomes friends with prison fixer Red (Morgan Freeman), and Andy epitomizes why it is crucial to have dreams. His spirit and determination, leads us into a world full of imagination, filled with courage and desire. This is about how he spreads his message of hope through the Shawshank Redemption!!! The main character is Andy played by Tim Robbins who is imprisoned for the murder of his wife. Later on in the movie, the evidence comes out that he is truly innocent. However The Shawshank Redemption sends a powerful message that it doesnt matter whether you are innocent or not inside Shawshank penitentiary. This is because the prison is run by a sadistic and corrupt staff. We will write a custom essay sample on Shawshank Redemption specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shawshank Redemption specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shawshank Redemption specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this facility, you must use all of the intellect you can, both book smarts, and street smarts to not only stay alive, but prevent yourself from going insane within the system. Before prison, Andy is the famous Portland Bank vice-president, faced 100 lawyers accused him of hearing, but insisted on his innocence, Andy not reconciled to spend rest of his life in prison so he was struggling to break free like a bird cage Like children aspire to live in freedom outside prison, so quietly spent a month in prison after Andy decided to escape. What is special about The Shawshank redemption is how the characters, especially Andy and Red, are able to use their inner abilities to rise above the conditions of the prison and the people who run it. There are some disturbing and violent images that show the harsh realities of prison life, such as fighting, and often getting beaten by the staff or punished for very small offenses and a lot of times for no reason at all. The Shawshank Redemption shows the abuse of power by prison authorities and how the nmates have to have the courage to rise above this abuse, because they need to do this, in order to keep living. They learn that failure to get this courage and survival skills from other inmates will destroy them. A great quote in this film is. you can get busy living, or you can get busy dying. Another interesting experience is how Red often wonders how at his advancing age he will be able to survive outside the prison if and when the parole board lets him go. An underlining message is that whether you get busy living or dying you become so accustomed to life in a controlling environment that the outside world, and the struggles, to reach it, to become physically and mentally free are an enormous challenge requiring great perseverance and the ultimate in determination. Andy’s aloofness of nature, as he feels he had driven his wife away from their marriage and retained his guilt over this; and Red’s loss of hope due to his institutionalisation over time. This was mostly accompanied by the example of Brookes who failed to break his â€Å"emotional shackles† on his release from prison. Very intuitive candidates also argued that Hadley and the Warden also failed to break their shackles: greed and exploitative power. There was more to freedom than just the physical escape or release: mental freedom was equally significant, and in the case of Brookes. Theres a great sense of inspiration that can be found at the centre of The Shawshank Redemption, and thats a story of hope. Hope through all that life throws at you, hope in midst of uttermost despair. We go on a journey with these characters, and their stories remain with us long after we leave them. Andys attempt to maintain hope and Reds struggle to allow the thought of it into his life is a powerful story to be told, highlighted by the fantastic performances from Tim Robbins and Morgan Freeman. The Shawshank Redemption is a deeply moving picture that has to be experienced, not observed. Felt, not merely seen. It tells a complicated story of extreme magnitude, leaving in its footsteps a touching tale of hope and freedom. Allow yourself to be taken where films rarely go, the tragic beauty of it all is nearly overwhelming. A sweeping work of art to remind us that above all else, when all seems to be lost, never give up hope. As Andy tells Red, hope is a good thing. And no good thing ever dies. Andy’s best friends Red, a fellow inmate, played by Morgan Freeman in another great performance. He teaches Andy street smarts of survival within Shawshanks hell-hole. Andy, an experienced banker with a master ability for finance and book learning, manipulates the prison officials to get funds to set up a basic skills learning facility within the prisons library. Red helps him organize this, and HOW Andy sets up the funding is really an amazing part of the movie. Another inmate is the head librarian, known as Brooks, who delivers many amazing scenes in the movie. The film techniques used in the film portray power very well by using low angled shots as if the in-mates are nothing and over powered. The guards like to use their authority to their disadvantage in the end. The guards like to exercise their authority by beating the in-mates and treating them like objects not people who make mistakes and have feelings. The dark lighting on the people in authoritys faces make them have a more effective dominating presence. With the warden and guards looking down making the inmates small and insignificant. Made red hopeful and determined Andy never under minded Red. One camera shot used for when Andy escape out of jail into the river. Justice being served in not only the life of Andy but as well as the people left behind in the jail. If you please him or if you dont you can really never win with the warden. The camera shot is taken from above and then spirals down towards Andy enlarging him the water is washing away his old life and a new life is being created. Overall the film shows the brutality of prison confinement that went on in Americas prison systems the determination and the patience and the willingness to except things. Andy is overcome by a whole other world that all strive for power in their own way. The warden is seemingly the most powerful of them all he has the power to override the guard’s opinion or judgments and to keep in jail who he wants for as long as he wants. Shawshank Redemption is a film that follows the story of a prison escape. It passes through a journey of a young man Andy Dufresne being sentenced 2 life sentences, for the murder of his wife and her other Lover. Andy was convicted guilty in till proven innocent one of many issues is the corruption within the penitentiaries by a select number of guards and the warden, the rehabilitation process which the inmates had to encounter serious consequences, the raw brutality of the prison system, and the true mark of loyalty in friendships which are formed within the prison. One friend is marked the issue of loyalty which is Red a cynical prisoner who ends up with a soft genuine heart Darabont tends to take the story at a distance allowing the characters to establish their traits to the audience instead of pushing a barrage of angle sat the audience. The screenplay written for The Shawshank Redemption is exact and precise; everything in the movie complements the development of characters and presents underlying motifs such as prisoners dependence from long term detention, and feelings of hope in hopeless situations. The blues of the uniforms are all the more dramatic compared to the drab brown buildings surrounding the prisoners. The use of narration also brings out a sense of fate. A formalistic style of direction under Frank Darabont. He interweaves scenes with nice fluid shots. The movie is a perfect example of classical cinema. The colours also produce dramatic irony in the last scene of Red and Andy on the beach. The plot has a smart climax that is not fully understandable until the last few scenes. By having Red narrate, the audience quickly identifies with the prisoners, there are certain common traits that the characters and audience share that produce sympathy for the incarcerated criminals. The whole movie is shot primarily in high contrast with the exception of the guards who are mostly in the shadows. With this filter the movie tends to bring out the two different colours of blue and brown. The lighting of these scenes gives a sense of violence without actually showing item the film. The filters give a special beauty to the scenes, which in turn causes more dramatic feelings for the audience. The Shawshank Redemption examines a series of oppositions: guilt and innocence, brutality and charity, freedom and imprisonment to finally show how Andy is able to save not only himself but Red too. Discuss. The Shawshank Redemption, directed by Frank Darabont, is a film in which conflicts and oppositions of many kinds play a major role. The film’s main character, Andy Dufresne, was wrongly convicted of murdering his wife, and thrust into a harsh maximum security prison, whose shocking brutality and harsh conditions are more than enough to see any man broken a dozen times. However, even in such dire circumstances, he is able to maintain his pride, humanity and hope, in order to survive. He is not only able to keep them going within himself, but he also helps others to do the same, inspiring people like Tommy to do their High School Equivalency exams, and generally do things to improve themselves for when they get out. He probable inspires one person the most, Ellis Red Redding, who is greatest friend on the inside, and they both break free of their physical, and psychological imprisonment, and find true freedom. Andy, although being innocent when he gets sent to Shawshank, is soon corrupted as well, with the warden having him do all the accounts for his dodgy deals and scams. Andys friendship with Red and the others, Tommy, Brooks, Heywood, etc. The brutality of the prison is displayed from the start of the film, when one of the new inmates asks when they eat and he is cruelly beaten up by guards, and when Fat-ass is beaten to death by Byron Hadley. Andys escape helps to show that the difference between true guilt and true innocence are not always clear. â€Å"and Andy certainly doesnt seem to let things get the better of him. The friendships between the felons brings out the best in each of them, and gives each man hope, but unfortunately, Tommy and Brooks do not survive. This highlights the culture of dishonesty that exists in Shawshank and the apparent failure of rehabilitation how can a prisoner be rehabilitated if they dont even acknowledge their crime? Andy is not only surrounded by convicted murderers and rapists, but also by the staff of Shawshank, who are probably more criminal than the inmates. Or in Red, who gives Andy the friend that he needs, although their relationship starts purely because of business. This is another example of the hypocrisy of the flawed prison system. Once again, Andy is forced to break the law, however, in doing so he is simply doing what he should have been able to do all those years ago, proclaim his freedom. For example when the Warden allows Andy to expand the Prison Library, or the way that Brooks cares for the baby crow, Jake. Red, however, had never denied that he was guilty, and had been prepared to do his time, however, when that time ends up being most of a lifetime, he changes his strategy for the parole board, and instead of saying Yes, Im rehabilitated, and I know that Ive changed for the better,, he simply tells them the truth, that he couldnt give a stuff whether they let him go or not, so they let him go. When Andy is put away for two life sentences, it seems that he has no hope of ever being a free man again, apart from the small part of him that knows he is innocent, but he refuses to accept the situation. However, not all of Andys friends were so lucky. The majority of the score consists of dark piano music, which plays along the main characters role at Shawshank. The main theme (End Titles on the soundtrack album) is perhaps best known to modern audiences as the inspirational sounding music from many movie trailers dealing with inspirational, dramatic, or romantic films.

How to Get the Most Realistic ACT Practice Test Experience 8 Steps to Follow

How to Get the Most Realistic ACT Practice Test Experience 8 Steps to Follow SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The same way that musicians practice their concerts before going in front of a live audience and athletes have scrimmages before a game, it’s important to practice taking the ACT before you sit down for the real exam. There are many free ACT practice tests available that you can take in your own home, however; it can be difficult to simulate real test-taking conditions.The closer the conditions of your practice test are to the real ACT, the more useful and accurate your results will be. Read this guide to learn ways that students and parents can create realistic test conditions in order to achieve the most accurate results from ACT practice tests. This guide will give you all the information you need to create realistic testing conditions for a practice ACT exam. There are eight recommendations to follow in order to have an ultra realistic practice test: Take a complete test Have the required materials Have a set starting time Simulate a classroom environment Have an â€Å"official test† mindset Keep strict timing on each section Use only official breaks Review your exam results Benefits of Realistic Practice Testing As with other methods of preparing for the ACT, taking ACT practice tests can help students become more familiar with the types of questions that are asked on the exam and identify subject areas they need to strengthen. Taking a practice test in a realistic setting is even better because it gives you the most accurate sense of how you're scoring and helps you feel comfortable with and prepared for the test day proceedings. Let's go over the benefits of realistictesting in more depth so you know why this extra hassle is worth the effort. More Accurate Scores The closer your practice ACT is to real test-taking conditions, the more accurate your scores will be because your practice tests will take many variables into account, such as if you were able to finish each section before time ran out and how well you were able to concentrate with only limited breaks. Having more accurate scores gives you a better estimate of what your total ACT score would be, as well as how well you would do on each separate test section. This will let you more accurately determine what your strengths and weaknesses are and make your future studying more effective. Better Understanding of How the Length of the Test Affects You ACTs are long: with the optional essay and breaks included, the entire test takes 3 hours and 40 minutes. While taking a few practice questions here and there can help you improve your score, it is important to also take full-length exams to learn how well you manage to hold up after several hours of testing. You may learn that your accuracy drops after the first two hours, which gives you something to work on that you probably would not have discovered if you’d never taken a full-length practice test under realistic conditions.Taking multiple full-length practice tests with only the officially designated breaks will also increase your test-taking stamina, so you are less likely to run out of energy during the real ACT. Less Anxiety About the Test The more familiar you are with something, the less worrisome it becomes.By making your practice ACT exams as close to the real test as possible, you will become more comfortable with the exam and its format, so that when you take the ACT for real, you will have a better idea of what to expect and will likely be more confident and prepared. Image source: YSU How to Make Practice Testing as Realistic as Possible Below are eight steps you can take in order to make your practice ACT as close to the real test experience as possible. You don't have to follow all of the recommendations, but doing so will give you a highly realistic test experience. 1. Take a Complete Test In order to make your practice test as realistic as possible, you should take a complete practice test.You can get old ACT tests here. If there is any chance that you’ll be applying to a school that requires the ACT essay, it’s recommended that you include the writing section as well. (Wondering whichschools require ACT writing? We have a complete list available!) Take the sections in the order you will take them for the real ACT: English first, then Math, Reading, Science, and the essay if you are including it.Before you begin the test, print off the entire exam and its instructions so that you are ready to go.For your practice test, you should bubble in the answers on the answer sheet, just like you would for the real ACT. To help manage your time, know that real ACT tests begin at 8:00am, and generally finish at 12:15pm, or around 1:00pm if the student is taking the optional essay. 2. Have the Required Materials The ACT has strict rules on what you must bring with you on test day and certain things you are forbidden to bring. Learn these rules ahead of time and follow them during your practice test. The ACT requires you to bring: A photo ID (such as a driver’s license or school ID) Your ACT admission ticket with your photo printed on it Even though you won’t need either of these things for a practice exam, you should have them with you at your practice test (using a blank sheet of paper that represents your admission ticket), so that you get used to remembering to bring them. You should also have: No. 2 pencils: bring several in case one breaks and NO mechanical pencils. Make sure they have good erasers as well. A calculator:try and use the same calculator you plan to use for the real ACT, and make sure it meets the ACT’s calculator requirements. A watch: this will help you keep track of your time because you can never be sure if there will be a visible clock during the test. Make sure your watch doesn’t beep though, because that is grounds to get you dismissed from the exam. Snacks and water: the ACT is a long test and having something to eat and drink during the break can help keep your energy up. Don’t bring pens, highlighters, or additional scratch paper to use during the practice test, since none of these things is allowed for the real ACT. 3. Have a Set Starting Time You and the parent who is proctoring you should establish beforehand a starting time foryour ACT.In order to simulate a real ACT as much as possible, this practice test should begin when real ACTs do: at 8:00am on a Saturday.This is early, but taking your practice test at that time will help you be better prepared for the real ACT. If you stayed out late the night before and spend your practice test exhausted and half-asleep, that will be a strong incentive to be more prepared and better rested for future practice tests, as well as the real ACT. Regard this start time as unchangeable. You cannot push it back or change it, even if you accidentally ended up staying out with your friends late the night before, decide you want to go for a run first, or find something really good on television. You won’t be able to delay the start time of the real ACT, so don’t do sofor the practice ACT either. Get up early enough so that by 8:00am, you are sitting at the desk or table where you’ll take the exam, with all your materials ready. 4. Simulate a Classroom Environment Make the room where you’ll be taking your practice test as close to a classroom as possible.Don’t take your test while sitting on the couch or hanging out at the kitchen table where the rest of your family is eating. Pick a quiet room where you and your proctor you will be undisturbed. You should take your practice test at a desk or table.Only have necessary materials around you. Your workspace shouldn’t be cluttered with extraneous papers or other material not related to the test, and your phone should be turned off and put away, like it will be for the real exam. This is very important to rememberbecause having your phone on for the real ACT is enough to get you kicked out of the exam and your scores tossed out. Image source: York Libraries 5. Have an "Official Test" Mindset Both you and your proctor should have the mindset throughout the entire test that this a realistic practice exam and should be as close to a real ACT as possible.The person acting as your proctor (likely your parent), should act as much like an official proctor as possible.This means things like reading instructions aloud, not making jokes, and not watching TVor listening loudly to music while you’re taking the test. You should take this test as seriously as you would a real ACT. Don’t ask for extra time, don’t try and check your phone during the test, don’t skip questions just because you got tired and know this isn’t a â€Å"real† test.Say it with me: If you wouldn’t do it during the real ACT, don’t do it during this practice exam. Taking a practice test under realistic conditions can provide you with a very accurate example of how you’d score on the real ACT, which can significantly help your future studying and raise your score for the actual exam, so take the practice test seriously. 6. Keep Strict Timing on Each Test Section This is an important consideration to keep in mind and one of the most critical things you can do to make your practice test as close to the real ACT as possible. The ACT includes a lot of questions in each section, and taking the test under real timing conditions will help you get used to the time pressures of the ACT and improve your time management skills. Your proctor should follow the ACT’s time restrictions exactly: English: 45 minutes Math: 60 minutes Reading: 35 minutes Science: 35 minutes Optional essay: 30 minutes Have your proctor keep track of the time with a watch or timer, announcing when you have five minutes left in each section. You can also keep track of the time with your watch, if you’re wearing one. As soon as your proctor calls time, set your pencil down. Do not ask for or try to take any additional time. Even adding two extra minutes to a section can allow you to answer several more questions, which will give you an inflated and less accurate score.Also, if you finish a section before time is called, do not move onto the next section. Just like for the real test, review your answers for that section until time is called. 7. Use Only Official Breaks The ACT allows only 2 breaks: a ten-minute break after the Math section and a five-minute break after the Science section for those writing the essay. During your practice test, only take breaks at these times, and only for the specific amount of time allowed. Like strictly timing your sections, this will get you more used to the challenges of taking a long test and let you see if having few breaks affects your score. Taking multiple practice tests with limited breaks can help you manage long tests better over time and improve your score. During these breaks, don’t do things you wouldn’t be able to do during the real ACT breaks, like check your phone, go on the computer, or go outside.You can (and should) use these breaks to get up and stretch, sharpen your pencils, use the bathroom, and eat the snacks or drinks you brought with you. Optional: Take Your Practice Test with Others This isn’t a requirement, but if you have other friends studying for the ACT, it can be helpful to take your practice tests at the same time.Doing sowill make your practice test closer to the real thing because you’ll take the real ACT with other people in the room, and, when you do, you’ll be more used to noises other test takers can make, like rustling papers or tapping their feet. 8. Grade and Review Your Exam Once you have finished with the entire test, take a bit of a break before reviewing your answers. This can be anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Either you or your proctor should grade your multiple choice answers.If you included the writing section, try to have two other people grade it, following the ACT’s essay rubric.Also check out our guide on converting your raw score into a scaled score. Now you have your score for your practice ACT, but you’re not finished yet.You should review each question you got wrong, working to understand what mistake you made and how you can avoid making it again in the future.If you skip this step, your ACT scores likely won’t improve very much, no matter how many practice tests you take because you’ll keep repeating the same mistakes. We also have a ton of resources to help you study for the ACT and raise your score. Check some of them out below. ACT Study Resources Want to learn ways to boost your ACT score? Check out our guide on the 21 ACT tricks you should be using. Don't have a lot of time to study for the ACT?Learn the best last-minute study tips you should use. Wondering when you should start your ACT prep? We have a step-by-step guide that tells you how long you should study for the ACT What should you do when you get a question wrong on a practice test? Read our guide on the best way to review your ACT mistakes. Aiming for a 36 on the ACT? Check out our guide on how to get a perfect ACT score. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points?We have the industry's leading ACT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and ACT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Yuan Dynasty Emperors List - Chinese Emperors

Yuan Dynasty Emperors List - Chinese Emperors The Yuan Dynasty in China was one of the five khanates of the Mongol Empire, founded by Genghis Khan. It ruled most of the modern day China from 1271 to 1368.  Genghis Khans grandson, Kublai Khan, was the founder and first emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. Each Yuan emperor also served as the Great Khan of the Mongols, meaning that the rulers of the Chagatai Khanate, the Golden Horde, and the Ilkhanate answered to him (at least in theory). Mandate of Heaven According to official Chinese histories, the Yuan Dynasty received the Mandate of Heaven even though it was not ethnically Han Chinese. This was true of several other major dynasties in Chinese history, including the Jin Dynasty (265 - 420 CE) and the Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1912). Although the Mongol rulers of China adopted some Chinese customs, such as the use of the Civil Service Exam system based on the writings of Confucius, the dynasty maintained its distinctly Mongol approach to life and lordship. Yuan emperors and empresses were famous for their love of hunting from horseback, and some of the early Yuan era Mongol lords evicted Chinese peasants from their farms and turned the land into horse pastures. The Yuan emperors, unlike other foreign rulers of China, married and took concubines only from within the Mongol aristocracy. Thus, to the end of the dynasty, the emperors were of pure Mongol heritage. Mongol Rule For almost a century, China flourished under Mongol rule. Trade along the Silk Road, which had been interrupted by warfare and banditry, grew strong once again under the Pax Mongolica. Foreign traders flowed into China, including a man from far-off Venice called Marco Polo, who spent more than two decades in Kublai Khans court. However, Kublai Khan over-extended his military power and the Chinese treasury with his military adventures overseas. Both of his invasions of Japan ended in disaster, and his attempted conquest of Java, now in Indonesia, was equally (although less dramatically) unsuccessful. The Red Turban Rebellion Kublais successors were able to rule in relative peace and prosperity until the end of the 1340s.  At that time, a series of droughts and floods produced famine in the Chinese countryside. People began to suspect that the Mongols had lost the Mandate of Heaven. The Red Turban Rebellion began in 1351, drawing its members from the hungry ranks of the peasantry, and would end up overthrowing the Yuan Dynasty in 1368. The emperors are listed here by their given names and khan names. Although Genghis Khan and several other relatives were posthumously named emperors of the Yuan Dynasty, this list begins with Kublai Khan, who actually defeated the Song Dynasty and established control over greater China. Borjigin Kublai, Kublai Khan, 1260-1294Borjigin Temur, Temur Oljeytu Khan, 1294-1307Borjigin Qayshan, Qayshan Guluk, 1308-1311Borjigin Ayurparibhadra, Ayurparibhadra, 1311-1320Borjigin Suddhipala, Suddhipala Gegeen, 1321-1323Borjigin Yesun-Temur, Yesun-Temur, 1323-1328Borjigin Arigaba, Arigaba, 1328Borjigin Toq-Temur, Jijaghatu Toq-Temur, 1328-1329 and 1329-1332Borjigin Qoshila, Qoshila Qutuqtu, 1329Borjigin Irinchibal, Irinchibal, 1332Borjigin Toghan-Temur, Toghan-Temur, 1333-1370

Global enterprise and innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Global enterprise and innovation - Essay Example Because of the extensive trade in goods and services, and because of the flow of capital and technology, the markets have become interdependent. This new structure, as a consequence of globalization is the result of the control measures and dominance adopted by the MNCs. Globalization has brought about tremendous changes in the ways that MNCs operate. Through innovation in various fields they have been able to generate new opportunities and challenges for the developing world. Globalization and Internationalization While globalization and internationalization are interchangeably used, they are distinctly different. Globalization is a worldwide process which implies that tastes, needs and wants become standardized across cultures. This occurs as technology, migration, and education become globally dispersed (McCabe, 2001). This suggests that globalization is the process of uniting the nations as members of one world, as the world shrinks. Internationalization, on the other hand, invol ves information of particular countries which in turn impacts the development of relationships in several sectors. These sectors include business, education, and social and cultural relationships. The concept of One World or globalization has driven innovation as companies like McDonald's have been accused of Macdonaldization of societies. While they export products and services, they are actually exporting American cultural identities. Economies are rapidly evolving and the effects of globalization are clearly visible; globalization is inevitable. Malaysia’s economic policy Among all the developing economies, Malaysia’s economic policy is considered worth emulating (Ritchie, 2005). The economic policies of Malaysia were liberal as it served to attract FDI. This drove a technological change, facilitated specialization and gave the nation comparative advantage. As the Malaysian policies liberalized, it helped in the reallocation and restructuring of resources in differe nt forms of labor, capital and technology which also facilitated FDI-led growth. FDI is a special form of capital flow which is expected to generate tangible assets and brings with it technology to the developing countries (Michi, Cagatay & Koska, 2004). Intangible assets like managerial skills also come with FDI which is a necessity for the developing nations. FDI is also the transfer of organizational knowledge from one country to another (Zhang, Zhang & Liu, 2007). FDI motivation and risks The motivation for the MNCs to invest in a developing economy would include the local and the global factors (Albuquerque, Loayza & Serven, 2005). The local factors include the benefits from location and the cost factors while the global factors explain the dynamics of the cross-section of the FDI. By investing in developing countries, MNCs can take advantage of their marketing and technical know-how, and managerial expertise (Athukorala, 2009). FDI is based on long-term profit considerations a nd carries with it the advantage of influence and control. Nations must be able to offer comparative advantage when they attract FDI. The MNCs would like to achieve economies of scale when they decide on the location for FDI. However, FDI in developing economies is beset with risks and the MNCs must have the capabilities to mitigate these risks. MNCs can face significant adjustment costs but prior experience helps to overcome this (Goerzen, 2005). Economic uncertainties can pose

Physiological Tests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Physiological Tests - Essay Example There are various factors that can easily control the accuracy of the results. E.g. An Individual's Motivational level and pacing ability can have a profound impact on the results. An average teenager female would have the score (difference of max height jumped and standing height reached) ranging between 31-40cm. A score of 51-60cm is regarded as a good score and anything above 60cm is categorized as Excellent. In order to improve the leg power, the subject should focus on exercises like Squats, Dead lifts, cycling and Swimming. 2.. A treadmill test is a continuous running for 9-15 minutes wherein Multistage Field Test (MFT) the subject runs at the sound of recorded beep. Traditionally MFT is done in open rather than indoor, so environment also has some affect. 3.In MFT the beep is on a recorded tape. As the audio-tapes may stretch over time, the tapes need to be calibrated which involves timing a one-minute interval and making adjustment to the distance between markers. The recording is also available on compact disc, which does not require such a stringent calibration, but should also be checked occasionally. 1. It enables the athlete to recruit and trigger fast twitch of muscle fibers. It helps to produce greater amount of force in smaller amount of time. This is in accordance to Henman's principle. Bench Throw allows the subject to release an external load before the limbs enter a decelerative kinematics' phase. 2. Bench Throw done continuously for a while followed by a rest period and repeated until a deceleration occurs has been proven to elevate the heart rate to training zone level. DISADVANTAGES 1. Inappropriate choice of weights can make significant changes to the results. If the weight is too light the rate of acceleration will be too fast and if the weight is too heavy the bar will decelerate before the release point. 2. It is a little risky. While the rod is thrown up, safety measures should be

The Effects of Transitional Bilingual Education On Elementary Level Min

The Effects of Transitional Bilingual Education On Elementary Level Minority Students Bilingual Education has been an increasingly controversial subject throughout education systems in America. The growing numbers of bilingual students in the country have provided much debate regarding the most effective way of instructing these students in traditional American schools. Perhaps one of the newest and fastest growing methods throughout the country has become "transitional bilingual education," a program which integrates the English language into these classroom by adding more English instruction throughout the course of the lesson. It has proved to be both beneficial to the students engaged into these programs as well as the teachers who administer it. Since, the issue of Bilingual education became relevant in the United States, people have argued over the need and effectiveness of such programs in American school systems. In 1939, Ohio became the first state to adopt a bilingual education law, authorizing German-English instruction at parents’ request. By the end of the nineteenth century, about a dozen states had passed similar laws. By the turn of the century, it was estimated that at least 600,000 primary school students were receiving part, or all, of their education in the German language, that equaled approximately four percent of American children in the elementary level. These numbers add up to be more students than those students enrolled in Spanish-English programs today. It seemed, at that time, that bilingual education was becoming more prominent and successful in the United States. However, once the country entered the first world war, these educational programs seemed to collapse dramatically. Fears about the ... ...ericdigests/ed435201.html> ERIC Clearinghouse on Languages and Linguistics Washington DC. (1992). Myths and Misconceptions about Second Language Learning. ERIC Digest. <http://www.ericfacility.net/ericdigests/ed350885.html> Escamilla, K. (1989). A Brief History of Bilingual Education in Spanish. ERIC Digest <http://www.ericfacility.net/ericdigests/ed308055.html.> Illinois State Board of Education. (1999). Transitional Bilingual Education and Transitional Program of Instruction Evaluation Report, Fiscal Year 1999. <http://www.isbe.state.il.us/research/99/bilingual.html> Krashen, S. (1997). Why Bilingual Education? ERIC Digest. <http://www.ericfacility.net/ericdigests/ed403101.htm> Short, D. (200). The ESL Standards: Bridging the Academic Gap for English Language Learners. ERIC Digest. <http://www.ericfacility.net/ericdigests/ed447728.html>

How America’s Social Structure Causes Deviance

Although many people know that deviancy is apparent in American society, few realize that it is society itself that causes deviancy. Our social structure exerts numerous pressures among people in our society to engage in non-conforming and deviant behavior to achieve the American dream. American society does this by emphasizing certain success goals, and not emphasizing the correct means to achieve these goals. In addition, deviancy is reinforced in numerous elements of American social structure through culturally defined goals, institutionalized means, societal reactions, and various forms of sanctions. Further, American society has a strong emphasis on wealth and an unreasonable demand for success. Therefore, Americans are lead to forms of innovation, deviancy, and live in a state of anomie. First, we must examine the definitions of deviance and norms. Henry defines deviance as a person who goes against the standards, expectations, and norms of their society (lecture). Further, deviancy is thought of as a personal attribute or behavior that results in social disapproval from others, or behavior that breaks the rules and norms for that society(Social Deviance 5). Norms are rules of conduct, and each norm is a statement of desirable or undesirable behavior. Examples of desirable and undesirable states of being are messages like â€Å"don’t be too fat† and â€Å"don’t be too thin† (Social Deviance 5). In addition, norms are the shared expectations and evaluations of behavior or being that the majority of society’s members agree upon. Meier states that expectations refer to how people will act or be, and evaluations are how people should act or be (Social Deviance 5). These expectations and evaluations further reinforce the standards and expectations of our society. Some sociologists previously believed that deviance was caused by biology. Sociologists once believed that deviant people were â€Å"born bad†, and that heredity, genes, and a persons body chemistry were all common denominators in deviant people. Merton contradicts this theory by noting that: With the more recent advancement of social science, this set of conceptions has undergone basic modification. For one thing, it no longer appears so obvious that man is set against society in an unceasing war between biological impulse and social restraint. For another, sociological perspectives have increasingly entered into the analysis of behavior deviating from prescribed patterns of conduct. For whatever role the biological impulses, there still remains the further question of why it is that the frequency of deviant behavior varies within different social structure and how it happens that the deviations have different shapes and pattern in different social structures. (230) Now sociologists, such as Robert K. Merton, have new insight into the theory that deviancy is caused by the society in which we live, not biology or body chemistry. This theory of deviance is also backed up by the belief that American society leads an individual to want the American dream, but does not afford them with the means to achieve them (Fanning). As members of a society obsessed with television and media, we have pressures that reinforce the popular belief that material possessions and wealth are extremely important in American society. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that if we can locate certain groups subject to the pressures of achieving the American dream, we should expect to find high rates of deviancy in its members. In addition, some social classes do not have equal opportunity to achieve goals. Due to discrimination, members of lower classes, and certain racial and ethnic minorities, all suffer from blocked opportunities. The stress and strain that results from blocked opportunities causes the individual to question the legitimacy of traditional and institutionalized means (Fanning). In effect, these members of society begin to think of other, often illegal, ways to succeed. Furthermore, when this occurs, respect for the traditionally accepted means of achieving goals crumble, norms weaken, and society is no longer able to regulate the methods its members use to obtain success. Therefore, high crime among lower classes can be attributed to the stresses caused by American society. If a person is born into a poor family, they might be forced to work while going to high school, and may not be able to focus on school work, like other classmates. Therefore, due to life chances, they might not have the opportunity to go to college due to bad grades or unaffordability. While constantly struggling to make ends meet, they decide to commit a crime to be able to have material possessions, since they believe that they will never be able to save up to buy anything through traditional work. This new social theory states that deviancy is people simply responding normally to the social situation in which they are in. Furthermore, Merton states that â€Å"some social structures exert definite pressures upon certain persons in the society to engage in nonconforming, rather than conforming conduct† (230). In addition, deviance varies culture to culture. What we consider to be deviant is different than what other societies consider deviant. Deviant definitions also change rapidly. American society used to think that women who wore short skirts, or smoked cigarettes were deviant. Now, the same acts are not considered to still be deviant. In addition, Merton notes that â€Å"some social structures exert a definite pressure upon certain persons in society† (230). American society is a perfect example of a society that exerts unreasonable pressures, and therefore leads some of its members to deviant behavior. This social theory is proven further by Merton’s theory of social structure. In American society, Merton believes that there are two elements of social structure; culturally defined goals, and institutionalized means. Culturally defined goals are integrated into society, involving various degrees of value and significance. Culturally defined goals are what society thinks its members should strive for, such as financial success. Institutionalized means are the regulations and norms that are the acceptable way of achieving the culturally defined goal (234). An example of a culturally defined goal is a good education, and a good job. Our society gives a strong social reaction to those who deviate its norms. Societal reactions embrace the ways in which society responds to the individuals, their acts, or suspected deviance. Forms of societal reactions are sanctions and formal sanctions. Sanctions are â€Å"punishments usually designed to control suspect or actual deviance† (Social Deviance 5). Formal sanctions are the punishments administered by the state or other form of legal authority. Examples of formal sanction are fines or imprisonment. Most often these formal sanctions have a negative stigma attached to them. Furthermore, sanctions are the ultimate measuring rod for identifying deviancy and deviant acts. An example would be a person given the formal sanction of a prison sentence being labeled a â€Å"ex-con†. Informal sanctions are sanctions from less official sources, such as family, peers and friends. Examples of informal sanctions are ridicule, peer disapproval, and criticism (Social Deviance 5). The next point to discuss is the common types of deviance that result from the pressures that American society puts on its members. Merton says that members of American society are sometimes forced to innovate to reach the goals society prescribes for them. First, goals are internalized and thought of as important, such as wanting a nice car, money, and a home. These people conform to the expectations society gives them, and therefore try to achieve the goals. The person who wants a car to be accepted in society, so they conform by going to college to get a good job, to be able to buy the car. The problem occurs when members want these things, but may not have access to them. Thus, this leads persons to have to innovate to achieve these goals (Merton 233). An innovator may be a person who is unable or unwilling to go to college to get a god job, so they rob a bank to be able to buy the home and car, and therefore can fit in to societies material demands. Deviancy is also caused by the numerous contradictions and variations American society has on what avenues are thought of as acceptable ways of achieving the goals. In addition, our society also has many double standards about what is seen as acceptable. Some cheat the system, but may be thought of as being crafty, or smart. On the other hand, some equally dishonest acts have punishments, and are looked down upon by members of our society. An example of this is when a business owner price fixes. Even thought the business owner is being exploitative, he is thought of as a business genius, and intelligent. People who cheat on their taxes, or get paid under the table are dishonest and using morally wrong ways of attaining money. However, these lawbreakers are not criticized, looked down upon, or thought of as criminals. An example of this double standard is when we find an illegal act with the absence of social disapproval. Without social disapproval, an illegal act is not considered to be truly deviant (Fanning). An everyday occurrence of this discrepancy is when someone is caught speeding. The act of speeding is illegal and punished with formal sanctions, such as fines, tickets, or license suspension, but is accepted in our society. We have police officers that are paid to regulate the highways, but no negative stigma attached to the act of speeding, or the punishment given by legal authority. The demand for success in American society is overwhelming. Success has become constructed as â€Å"winning the game† rather than â€Å"winning under the rules of the game. Through the same process, tension generated by the desire to win in a poker game is relieved by a successful dealing one’s self four aces, or when shuffling the cards in a game of solitaire. Merton states that â€Å"cultural (or idiosyncratic) exaggeration of the success – goals leads men to withdraw emotional support from the rules† (232-233). On the other hand, a person who robs a bank to attain money is labeled a criminal, and given punishments. People who mug, rob, and burglarize are feared and hated in our society, but cheaters, plagiarizers, and perjurers are not. These double standards create confusion, and lead members of our society to feel as if they are without guidance or clear morals. The next argument proving how American society causes deviance is due to American society putting too much emphasis on goals, and not enough value attached the correct means to achieve these goals. Merton states that â€Å"American culture continues to be characterized by a heavy emphasis on wealth as a basic symbol of success, without a corresponding emphasis upon the legitimate avenues on which to march toward this goal† (Social Structure 235). Due to this lack of clear guidance, strong social pressure to achieve, and inadequate ways to achieve the pressures society inflicts causes members to be deviant to attain acceptable status in our society. Merton further emphasizes that: Of the types of societies that result from independent variations of cultural goals and institutionalized means, we shall primarily be concerned with the first – a society in which there is an exceptionally strong emphasis upon specific goals without corresponding emphasis upon institutional procedures. No society lacks norms governing conduct. But societies do differ in the degree in which the folkways, mores, and institutional controls are effectively integrated with the goals which stand high in the hierarchy if cultural values. The culture may be such as to lead individuals to center their emotional convictions upon the complex of culturally acclaimed ends, with far less emotional support for the prescribed methods of reaching out to these ends. As this process continues, the society becomes unstable and there develops what Durkheim called â€Å"anomie,† or normlessness. Anomie is caused by a society without clear norms, such as American society. Being without institutionalized structure, expectations, and regulations, leads people to become disorientated. Capitalist societies, such as America, are perfect examples of anomic societies. Through ruthless competition and lack of morals and values, capitalists strive for money. Therefore, our social order becomes upset and people lose their way in pursuit of wealth without real regulation. In addition, money in our society is thought of as more important than honesty, morals, family, and happiness. As Merton states â€Å"in some large measure, money has been consecrated as a value in itself, over and above its expenditure for articles of consumption and or its use for enhancement of power. â€Å"Money† is a peculiarly well adapted to become a symbol of prestige† (233). Money can buy class, power and status, all of which are highly regarded in American society. Simmel emphasizes that money is highly abstract and impersonal. However acquired, fraudulently or institutionally, money can be used to purchase the same goods and services (Illuminating Social Life 84). Therefore, it doesn’t really matter how one gets money; it just matters that one has money. The next argument as to why American society leads its members to be deviant is because our society puts a tremendous emphasis on wealth and success. Merton states that the United States has three cultural axioms. The first axiom is that everyone should strive for the American dream, which are wealth, success and independence. The second axiom states that present failure is only a slight setback; third, the only real failure is personal failure, and the withdrawal of ambition (235). This social structure puts tremendous amounts of pressure on all individuals in American society. Our society looks down upon members who do not have wealth or success. Furthermore, there is a negative attitude towards people who do not wish to achieve the â€Å"American Dream. † Some members of our society are satisfied with what they have, and do not strive for raises, promotions, or anything greater. These people are thought of as lazy, lacking ambition and work ethic, and put down in our society for simply being content with what they have. In conclusion, many people think that money will solve all of their problems, and give them happiness. On the contrary, many wealthy people are miserable, and their money has created numerous problems for them. Merton notes that when he was an observer of a community in which the common annual was in the six figures. He witnessed one victim of the American Dream saying, â€Å"in this town, I’m snubbed socially because I only get a thousand a week. That hurts† (233). Competition among neighbors, community, co-workers, and club members is overwhelming. Even after achieving monetary success, it seems as is there is no stopping point to the amount of money some strive for. Merton states that â€Å"in the American Dream there is no final stopping point. The measure of â€Å"monetary success† is conveniently indefinite and relative† (232). No matter how much money one has, it is never enough. No one can be â€Å"too rich† in America. Durkheim states that â€Å"to pursue a goal that is unattainable is to condemn ones self to a state of perpetual unhappiness. Our passions must first be limited by a moral force† (Suicide 229). Since we put pressure on ourselves to reach unattainable goals, we are therefore always dissatisfied with our lives. These social pressures that are reinforced in almost every aspect of American society can further explain deviance. Merton states that: To say that the goal of monetary success is entrenched in American culture is to say that Americans are bombarded on every side by precepts which affirm the right or, often, the duty of retaining the goal even in the face of repeated frustration. Prestigeful representatives of the society reinforce the cultural emphasis. The family, the school, and the workplace- the major agencies shaping the personality structure and goal formation of America- join to provide the intensive discipline required if an individual is to retain intact a goal that remains elusively beyond reach. (233) One of the major agencies that shape young Americans morals and values is our education system. Our education system places great emphasis on grades, test scores, and grade point averages. It seems that achieving these things is more important than really learning and retaining information. Therefore, this leads to cheating on tests, bribing professors, and altering transcripts, and all of which are forms of dishonesty and deviance. Durkheim believes that once our society brings back morals and values we will begin to establish more acceptable and reinforced ways of achieving goals (Anomie 79). We must set achievable goals for ourselves and put more emphasis on attaining happiness, not monetary success.